For the Russian Far East (RDV), the subjects are calculated self-sufficiency of vegetable products and its connection with the population. A close correlation between these indicators has ignore once. In order to stabilize the population and consolidate it, it is necessary to increase dramatically the production of vegetables. There are a number of prerequisites for this: a network of research agricultural institutions throughout the territory and a specialized 1Primorskaya vegetable experimental station – branch of the Federal scientific vegetable center in the south of the region, has established. Its employees have clarified the basics of Far Eastern vegetable farming (principles of selecting sites for vegetable plantations and pre-intensive cultivation of their soils, reclamation of the territory; experimentally tested and recommended specialized crop rotations, their effective links; refined fertilizer system; system of resource-saving treatment of soils on the basis of crest-ridge cultivation technology), a number of promising varieties of vegetables "borscht" group, established their seed production, solved many issues of mechanization for cultivation processes. Significantly, important areas of further work were planned.

Relevance. The article presents the results of studies to determine the effectiveness of the use of new types of water-soluble fertilizers in different doses. The obtained results will be used for the development of new agricultural practices and improvement of technologies for growing table watermelon.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in the Volgograd Trans-Volga region at the Bykovskaya melon selection experimental station in 2018-2019. We studied the dose of water-soluble fertilizer on the quality of the watermelon table variety Triumph.
Results. Studies have found that the use of water-soluble fertilizers has a positive effect on the yield and its structure. The advantage of using water-soluble fertilizer Hakafos with the content of nutrients in equal proportions dose of 900 g/100 l, yield 7.2-10.6% more compared to other studied water-soluble fertilizers with a similar dose and 44.7% more compared to pure control (without treatments). Evaluation of the results showed a positive effect of water-soluble fertilizers on the marketable qualities of watermelon fruits. In variants with the use of water-soluble fertilizers, the fruits are larger, 18.1-34.1% more compared to the control (without treatments), and 4.2-9.2% more yield of standard products. Studies have found that the use of water-soluble fertilizers do not have a negative impact on the quality and environmental purity of products, the amount of nitrates in the fruit does not exceed the maximum permissible values. The use of this agricultural technique in the technology of cultivation of table watermelon, as studies have shown, can significantly improve the economic performance of the production of this product.

Relevance. In the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of lowland Dagestan, the beneficial effect of drip irrigation in combination with dump cultivation on the yield and quality of sweet pepper fruits from Moldova proved.
Results. It experimentally established that maintaining moisture in the active 0.5 m soil layer during the growing season within 80- 100% of LMC against the background of dump processing to a depth of 0.23-0.25 m led to an increase in yield and biochemical composition of sweet pepper fruits. Differences in the influence of dump and small (0.10-0.12 m) tillage on agrophysical and phytosanitary indicators of fertility of meadow medium loamy soil were revealed. The data showing the inappropriateness of using small-scale cultivation under conditions of irrigated vegetable growing, which leads to a deterioration in the agrophysical indicators of fertility: increase in soil density by 0.05-0.08 t/m3, decrease in the number of water-resistant units by 7,0%, water permeability reduction by 22.0% and water resistance coefficient by 12.9%, 2.1 times increase in planting weed and 212.6% potential soil weed. Of the three studied thresholds of soil moisture (70, 80 and 90% LMC), it was established that the best conditions for plant growth and development, optimization of their photosynthetic activity are created at a humidity threshold of 80% LMC, at which the most efficient use of irrigation water is noted. Drip irrigation with maintaining the pre-irrigation threshold for soil moisture not lower than 80% of against the background of dump processing leads to an increase in the number of fruits on 1 plant, an increase in the mass of 1 fruit, which contributed to an increase in yield to 62 t/ha.

Relevance. Leek (Allium porrum L.) has been known as a cultivated plant since ancient times. It plays an important role in human nutrition. To increase the interest of the population, increase demand and consumption, as well as widespread and popularize this culture, it is urgent to create new promising varieties of leeks that meet modern requirements and have valuable economically useful traits. The creation of new highly productive varieties is associated with the search for sources of valuable biological and economic traits: productivity, early maturity, yield. The aim of the research was to study collection varieties of leeks, to identify the sources of the necessary valuable traits for their further use in breeding work.
Materials and methods. The initial material was 73 samples of leeks of the European subspecies of various ecological and geographical origin from the collection of VIR. The studies were carried out at the collection site of the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch (Krasnodar Territory, the city of Krymsk).
Results. As a result of the study of phenological, biological, morphometric and economic characteristics, the foliage of the plant, the size of its and the false stem of the "leg", productivity and yield were determined. Formed groups of samples by ripeness and use. Comparative assessment of collection samples made it possible to identify the sources of productivity: the weight of the plant and the stem, its diameter and height, the yield of plants and the yield of marketable products. The isolated sources of valuable traits are recommended as a starting material for the selection of leeks.

Relevance. Cucumber in the Russian Federation in protected ground in terms of growing areas and production volume is the first, its share in the total production of greenhouse products in recent years accounts for about 50-55%. Scientific research confirms the positive effect of silicon-containing agrochemicals on the intensity of metabolic processes in the plant body, which is manifested in increasing the yield of commercial products, resistance to adverse environmental factors, and the realization of the biological potential of crops.
Methods. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effect of silicon – containing fertilizers on the productivity of Cyborg F₁ cucumber in low-volume cultivation technology. The research was conducted in the winter-spring period of 2020 in the conditions of a winter glazed greenhouse of the greenhouse complex of the Stavropol state agrarian university. The objects of research were cucumber Cyborg F₁, fertilizers Kelik Potassium Silicon, Siliplant, Forris, Bio Silicium. Fertilizers were applied to foliar top dressing three times during the cucumber growing season. All microclimate conditions in the greenhouse were regulated automatically using the Sercom climate program. Mineral wool was used as a substrate.
Results. Fertilizing with silicon – containing fertilizers increased the degree of assimilation of nutrients by plants of cucumber Cyborg F₁: the nitrogen content in the drainage solution decreased by 6-26 mg/l, phosphorus – by 4-8 mg/l, and potassium-by 18-34 mg/l. The use of silicon-containing fertilizers contributed to an increase in the area of cucumber leaves compared to the control by 1.6-3.1%, the yield of standard products-by 3.7-8.1%, yield-by 0.9-2.5 kg/m², and a decrease in the degree of ovary death – by 2.0-3.5%. When using silicon-containing fertilizers, the quality of cucumber products improved. Thus, in the conditions of the sixth light zone, to increase the yield of Cyborg F₁ cucumber in low-volume cultivation technology, it is recommended to use silicon-containing fertilizers Siliplant and Forris, which provides an increase relative to the control of 7.4 and 9.2%, respectively.

Relevance. Plant growth biostimulants based on natural raw materials are ecologically safe and harmless to humans. Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) contains in its leaves sweet diterpene steviol glycosides, which are similar in structure and properties to gibberellins, as well as a number of other valuable biologically active compounds. Water extracts from stevia leaves are capable to accelerate growth, to increase the yield and quality of plants. However, further study and development of application technologies of the extracts for specific crops and different growing conditions are required. The purpouse of this work is to investigate the effect of an aqueous extract from stevia leaves on the yield and quality of lettuce and small radish under photoculture conditions.
Materials and methods. The objects of the study were lettuce var. Typhoon and small radish var. Riesenbutter. The plants were grown in photoculture at the biopolygon of the FSBSI Agrophysical Research Institute (St. Petersburg) at an illumination of 10–20 klx, a temperature of 22–26°С (day) and 18–20°С (night). Watering was carried out with water, top-dressing was carried out with Knop's nutrient solution three times a week. Peat with mineral additives was used as a substrate. The original extract was prepared by extraction from stevia dry leaves powder with hot water (80°С) in a ratio of 1 g of leaves: 100 ml of water. Foliar treatment of plants was carried out twice at dilution of the original extract from stevia leaves 1:10, 1:50, and 1:100 (extract : water) at the rate of 0.20-0.25 ml / lettuce plant and 0.09-0.1 ml / radish plant; control plants were treated with water. The data were processed according to standard procedures using the Excel 2016 software.
Results. Foliar treatment with an extract from stevia leaves did not significantly affect the size and weight of radish root crops, but increased the yield due to a decrease in the number of bolting plants. A significant decrease of bolting was observed in all treatment options (by 34-51%). When using a dilution of 1: 100, the yield of marketable root crops increased by 20% and the yield per sq. m. – by 25%. Foliar treatment with stevia extracts increased the mass of lettuce plants, as well as their biological value. The content of photosynthetic pigments, sugars, and vitamin C significantly increased, and a tendency towards a decrease in the content of nitrates was observed. According to data, we recommend for foliar treatment are dilutions of the original extract 1:50 and 1: 100. The effect of using of an extract from stevia leaves is similar in action to some biostimulants from plants with hormone-like properties, which determines the possibility of using it as a safe plant growth stimulant.

Relevance. Okra is rich in useful substances: carbohydrates, dietary fiber, lipids, amino acids, vitamins A, K, C, mineral salts. The polysaccharides contained in okra fruits are chemically inert, non-toxic, biodegradable and biocompatible polymers. To expand the range of vegetable products in our country, a study of okra in the summer-autumn turnover in a film greenhouse was carried out.
Material and methods. The aim of the research was to substantiate the elements of the technology for growing okra in film unheated soil greenhouses under the conditions of the 3^rd light zone. Research was carried out in 2019-2020 on the basis of the Educational and Scientific Production Center "Vegetable Experimental Station named after Edelstein" of Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in the summerautumn turnover in a film unheated ground greenhouse. The objects of the study were the varieties: Damskie palchiki, Krasniy barkhat.
Results. Based on the results of studying the effect of the formation of okra varieties in one and two shoots on growth and yield in the conditions of summer-autumn turnover in film soil greenhouses, we recommend growing plants of the Damskie palchiki variety in 2 shoots to obtain the highest fruit yield, Krasniy barkhat plants in one shoot.

Relevance and methods. Pumpkin fruits and seeds are valuable raw materials for the food and pharmaceutical industries. Of particular value are pumpkin seeds, from which oil and protein products are obtained. The purpose of our research is to identify the best breeding samples of pumpkin in terms of seed yield and pumpkin oil and to study their biochemical composition. The evaluation of 12 samples of pumpkin was carried out according to the main economic and biological characteristics.
Results. According to the yield of seeds and the yield of pumpkin oil, the following samples were distinguished: Delta, Golosemyanno-kustovaya, Line 2-3, Line 2-5. The biochemical composition of seed samples with high seed yields was studied in terms of the content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. A biochemical analysis of pumpkin seed oil for fatty acids, sterols and minerals was carried out. Seeds of hard-barked pumpkin of Belarusian selection are sources of high protein content (34-35%) with a wide range of essential amino acids, fats (43-45.8%), unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, as well as carbohydrates (9.6-11.9%) , a number of vitamins, macro- and microelements.

Relevance. In the Republic of Moldova in recent years, during tomato flowering, air temperature reaches 35°С and higher, which significantly reduces fruit set, yield and product quality, therefore, the creation of varieties resistant to temperature stress is of particular importance. The relevance of the studies is due to the need to identify tomato genotypes resistant to high temperatures, to identify the genetic nature of the variability and degree of inheritance of tomato growth organs when interacting with different temperature conditions.
The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of stress temperatures on the organs of growth and development of tomato plants at an early stage of ontogenesis, the degree of genetic, phenotypic variation and inheritance of characters.
Materials and methods. The research material was 5 promising lines of tomato with high economically valuable traits. As a standard, a omologated variety Mary Gratefully was used. Four temperature levels were used – optimal (25°С) and stress (38, 40 and 42°С). The length of the germinal root and stem of 7-day-old plants was measured. The experiment was made in 3 replicates. The following were studied: genetic and phenotypic variants, heritability coefficient, phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation, genetic progress. The data were processed in the STATISTICA 7 software package.
Results. As a result of the studies, a significant differentiation of the reaction of tomato genotypes to temperature stress was revealed. A significant effect of temperature on the genetic and phenotypic varieties of signs of growth and development of tomato plants, heritability in the broad sense, genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, and genetic progress have been established. Of a great interest for further studies are the Mary Gratefully, L 304, L 306 genotypes, which are highly resistant to the studied traits.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the main carriers of hereditary information. The structural physicochemical information of DNA ultimately determines the structure and functioning of all living organisms. In DNA, various mutational events accumulate and recombination events occur, which lead to the variability of organisms and are subject to both natural and artificial selection. The interaction "genotype-environment" inherent in all living organisms is also characteristic of DNA, which is located in the intracellular and intranuclear physicochemical environment of water molecules, sugars, metal ions, pH, nucleotides and other components. The establishment and study of the physicochemical properties of native DNA contributes to not only understanding the mechanisms of the structure of the main hereditary biomolecule, but also to clarify their functioning, as well as interaction with other molecules at the molecular level. The discovery of various forms of double helices: A, Aʹ, B, α-Bʹ, β-Bʹ, C, Cʹ, Cʹʹ, D, E and Z suggests the idea of molecular genetic diversity existing at the DNA level and the establishment of their structural and functional features can lead to an understanding of the implementation of genetic information at the general biological level. The structure of natural DNA as a whole, apparently, does not depend on the sequence and nucleotide composition. For natural molecules - satellite DNA with repeats or DNA without repeats, the presence of only A-, B- and C-forms has been confirmed. The structure of DNA depends not only on temperature, but also on the nature of the cations present. The presence of a certain amount of metal ions in the medium can lead to the transition of the B-form of DNA to the Zform. The B ↔ Z transition modifies the general structure of DNA and, therefore, may be important for the regulation of gene expression. The study of the biological role of Z-DNA, possibly in the near future, will help to understand the mechanism of gene expression, primarily of an epigenetic nature, which has not yet been fully elucidated.

Relevance. To create heterotic cucumber hybrids, it is important to have a high general and specific combining ability of the initial material, which makes it possible to select valuable genotypes at an early stage of selection.
Material and methods. The research was carried out in 2018-2020. at the Research Institute of Vegetable, Melon Crops and Potatoes, located in the Tashkent region of Uzbekistan (SRIVMC&P). Studied 6 accessions of cucumber. As a result of diallelic crosses, 36 hybrid combinations were obtained (p²). Hybridological analysis was carried out according to the first Griffing's method, including forward and backcrossing and the use of parental forms (p²). To determine the combining ability, conventional methodologies were used (1,15). Genetic-statistical analyzes were carried out using the MS Excel application package.
Results. Studies have established that according to the traits "the number of days from seed germination to the opening of female flowers" and "the number of days until the technical ripeness of fruits" in all studied cucumber accessions, the ratio (σ ²_ĝi<σ ²_si) is observed, where the dominant role in the inheritance of this trait also belongs to genes with dominant and epistatic effects. The trait “number of fruits per plant” is controlled by dominant and epistatic gene effects (σ ²_ĝi<σ ²_si) in almost all cucumber accessions, and in the accession A-6 - by additive gene effects (σ ²_ĝi <σ ²_si). The phenomenon (σ ²_ĝi <σ ²_si) was noted for the trait "average fruit weight", where the expression of the trait is controlled by the dominant and epistatic effects of genes (σ ²_ĝi <σ ²_si) in three studied cucumber accessions (C-25/1, A-6 and A-9), and in the other three accessions, additive gene effects (σ ²_ĝi <σ ²_si) are more important in inheritance. The trait "productivity of one plant" is controlled by the dominant and epistatic effects of genes (σ ²_ĝi <σ ²_si) in the three studied cucumber accessions, and in the other three accessions (C-25/1, A-6 and A-9), genes play a special role for the expression of the trait with additive effects. Promising hybrid combinations with the best performance for their use as a initial material for breeding have been revealed.

Relevance. New types of vegetable crops, previously unknown on a large scale, appear on the market. Japanese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica (L. H. Bailey) Hanelt) is one of such crops for the middle zone of the Russian Federation. Due to the high content of vitamin C and microelements, Japanese cabbage can be classified as a rational balanced diet, including dietary one, and it can also be used as a raw material for the medical industry.
Methods. The study of a promising sample of Japanese cabbage selection at the Federal Research Vegetable Center consisted in phenological observation of the stages of plant growth and development, morphological study of economically valuable traits, and biochemical analyzes of the content of ascorbic acid, dry matter and photosynthetic pigments.
Results. The results of observations made it possible to establish the timing of the onset of phenological phases in Japanese cabbage plants and showed that the active formation of leaf mass in plants occurs 20 days after planting the seedlings. A close direct relationship was established between the duration of economic shelf life and the number of leaves in a plant (R = 0.95) and the length of the leaf plate (R=0.92). In the conducted biochemical studies, it was revealed that the content of ascorbic acid in the promising sample is 37.84±0.88 mg%, and the dry matter is in the range of 11.3±0.42%. The content of antioxidants in terms of HA and AA is within 5.72±0.72 and 19.5±2.46 mg/g, respectively. The study of the morphological characteristics and biological characteristics of Japanese cabbage plants contribute to the maximum use of the potential of vegetable crops in the conditions of the Moscow region.

Relevance. One of the conditions for creating a modern high-tech hybrid of sweet pepper is the presence of resistance to the Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV). This virus belongs to the genus Tobamovirus. This virus can spread through seeds, causing enormous damage to the sweet pepper crop. The main method of controlling of virus is the cultivation of F₁ hybrids of pepper with genetic resistance. To date, the L⁴ gene is able to confer resistance to all known strains of this virus. However, there is still no reliable marker system that could be integrated into the MAS.
Methods. Based on data from the NCBI, we generated a molecular diagnostic system based on hybridization probes. Validation was performed on seven pepper accessions from the world's germplasm banks. After validation, the new marker was successfully tested on 2540 plants of F₂ and F₃ generation.
Results. Using the experimental marker system Fret4, we tested 7 reference samples of pepper germplasm with full correspondence of the melt peaks to the declared alleles of the L gene (L⁰/L¹/L³/L⁴). Then, using a marker system, MAS was carried out on 10 populations of an number of 10 thousand plants to identify the L⁴ allele. As a result, we were able to create a highly accurate and cost-effective marker system for the most important pepper resistance gene. This marker system based on hybridization probes is easily integrated into the MAS, allowing fast and reliable determination of the L⁴ allele state in sweet pepper breeding to Tobamovirus.

Relevance. Morphological features of 10 sorts of tulips in the conditions of early-spring forcing explored. An assessment of the influence of tulip bulb preplanting on the rate of plant growth and development as well as final product yield (cut flowers) taken.
Material and methods. 10 varieties of tulips of early and middle-early flowering period: Algarve (DHT), Аvocado (TT), Crispion Sweet (FT), Davenport (FT), Destination (TT), Double Price (DVT), Luba (TT), Surrender (TT), Largo (DVT) и Snowboard (TT) were selected as objects of study. Country of origin - Netherlands. Before planting one part of tulip bulbs were completely peeled of cover scale and the other part were left unpeeled. Each variant of bulb preparation for bedding were evaluated by growth and development rate of plants, as well as the number of cut flowers on the plot. During the growing season, we studied the following morphological characteristics: plant height, flower diameter, flower height, number of leaves.
Results. Studies conducted have found that all varieties under research are suitable to early spring forcing and they differ in decorativeness and fully correspond to saleable quality standards. It was found out that in case of complete removing of cover scale, the tulip bulbs root faster, start to bloom faster and give much higher percentage of flowering plants in the plots in comparison with unpeeled samples.

Relevance. A study of the seasonal (phenological) phenomena and natural connections between them on the background of the relevant environmental conditions is of great scientific and practical interest. Knowledge of the dynamics of the seasonal development of woody plants helps in the selection of species and their assessment from an aesthetic and sanitary points of view, as well as in the development and implementation of measures to increase the sustainability of urban green spaces.
Materials and methods. The purpose of these studies is to create a database of the dynamics of seasonal development of North American woody plants based on the results of many years of phenological monitoring (2003-2017). The 20 species and forms of North American woody introducers e of the VNIISPK arboretum genetic collection were the objects.
Results. It was revealed that the growing season of woody North American plants corresponds to the climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of central Russia. The species with the earliest beginning of the growing season (the third decade of March) were distinguished. There were Mahonia pinnata, M. aquifolia, Betula lenta and B. lutea. On the basis of phenological calendars, phenological spectrums have been constructed. These consist of three lines (the development of leaves, shoots, flowers and fruits) with the corresponding color symbols. It has been revealed that phenospectrums vary depending on the conditions of the year. As a result, the database of 20 species and forms of North American woody plants was formed in the form of phenological spectrums against the background of registration of weather conditions in the forest-steppe zone of Russia. The database includes three options for the possible dynamics of the seasonal development of introduced North American plants. The created database allows observing, comparing, evaluating and forecasting changes in the seasonal rhythm of the studied species of introduced North American plants.

Relevance. One of the most important directions in the breeding and variety study of fruits, in particular domestic plum European, is the breeding of cultivars with high commercial and consumer qualities of fruits. In this regard, the assessment of some commercial and consumer qualities of fruits in plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool was of great practical and scientific interest.
Material and methods. As objects of research, we used 8 plum cultivars of the RRIFCB gene pool and a control cultivar of the RRIFCB breeding Bolkhovchanka. The studies were carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding and variety study of stone fruit crops of RRIFCB in 2015-2019. Determination of color, shape, average weight, taste, size of fruit, size and shape of the stone, density of pulp, separation and length of the stalk, color of the juice were carried out in accordance with the "Program and methodology for the variety study of stone fruit crops" and "Pomology".
Results. Most of the studied plum cultivars from the gene pool of the Russian Research Institute for Fruit Crops Breeding have valuable commercial and consumer qualities of fruits, which will allow them to be used in further breeding for this trait. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya, Zarechnaya rannyaya, Volgogradskaya can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high fruit mass. Cultivars Californiyskaya krupnaya and Bolkhovchanka can be recommended for further use in breeding as sources of high pulp content in fruits and fruit sizes. On the basis of the tasting assessment of the fresh fruits, the fruits of the cultivar Volgogradskaya stood out positively.

Relevance and methods. The purpose of the research is an agrobiological assessment of introduced grape varieties of early ripening in the conditions of the Central seaside zone of Dagestan. The tasks of the study are to establish the timing of maturation of the studied varieties in the conditions of the Central seaside zone of Dagestan; to study agrobiological indicators of the studied varieties and to give an economic assessment; On the basis of the data obtained, to establish the degree of adaptability and prospects of the studied classes under these conditions. The objects of research were new introduced table grape varieties of early and early maturation period Augustine, Arcadia, Talisman, Attica, Kishmish luchisty.
Results. The studies found that the introduced varieties of Arcadia, Attica, Talisman, Kishmish luchisty in the main agrobiological indicators surpass the Augustine variety widespread in this zone. According to the weight of the bunch, the varieties are distributed as follows: Kishmish luchisty – 724.5 g, Talisman – 676 g, Attica – 655.8 g, Arkadia – 514 g and Augustine (control) – 486 g. All varieties included in the experiment were more productive than control. The highest crop was provided by the variety Talisman – 28 t/ha. In second place is the Attica – 24.4 t/ha variety. Kishmish luchisty, despite the large mass of the bunch, provided a harvest of 22.6 t/ha. Arkadya variety in yield has close values to control – 18.2 t/ha. According to the adaptive index, the varieties were distributed as follows: Arcadia, Attica, Augustine and Talisman, with an adaptive coefficient of 0.71-0.85, are promising, and Kishmish luchisty with an adaptive coefficient of 0.69 is quite promising.

Relevance. The basis for obtaining a large crop volume and its high level of precocity is the use of Apple planting material that fully meets modern standards of intensive gardening. The main purpose of these studies was to study methods of branching stimulation and determine their effectiveness in obtaining branched apple seedlings at the age of one year.
Material and methods. The use of non-root treatments and fertilizers as regulators and growth stimulators of apple seedlings does not lead to a significant increase in the number of side branches. Significant growth of the crown of annual seedlings occurs when using mechanical methods to stimulate the growth of side branches. The use of such an agrotechnical technique as a single plucking made it possible to obtain 1-2.6 side branches on different orts. When using this method, but with the simultaneous removal of 3-4 leaf plates, it increased the production of side branches by 1.6-3.7 pieces. One of the most unresponsive to the use of agricultural techniques was the variety "Svezhest".
Results. It is effective to apply to annual apple seedlings agrotechnical methods of stimulation of lateral branching by plucking with simultaneous removal of leaf plates in the amount of three to four pieces. These measures must be carried out before reaching the height of the seedling from seventy to eighty centimeters. It should be noted that the use of plucking only, without removing the leaf plates, does not give such an effect.

Relevance. The use of certain single or mixed cultures of lactic acid microorganisms and the mandatory control of the fermentation process of white cabbage are of great importance to ensure that the product is of stable quality without the need for any chemical preservatives or harsh processing conditions. Carbohydrates contained in raw materials play an important role in this process, since carbohydrates are the main source of maintaining the viability of lactic acid microorganisms. By adjusting the carbohydrate component of raw materials at different stages of fermentation, it is possible to maintain a high titer of microorganisms, while obtaining not only a high-quality product, but also giving it, along with prebiotic (a source of fiber) and probiotic properties.
Materials and methods. The purpose of this research work was to ensure the direction of the biotechnological process in the direction of stabilization of the concentration of functional microflora (starting systems of lactic acid microorganisms), under the influence of introduced carbohydrate nutrients. In this work, we studied two fermentation systems of microorganisms that are fundamental microorganisms in the fermentation of cabbage, namely, systems consisting of a pre-fermentation culture of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and one of the cultures of lactobacilli: Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus brevis. The study used the usual microbiological method for determining the number of microorganisms by seeding in an agarized culture medium, as well as processing experimental data.
Results. As a result, we found that the introduction of a carbohydrate Supplement allows us to stabilize the dynamics of changes in the concentration of the studied starting systems at the same initial level throughout the main stage of fermentation.

Relevance. A commonly cultivated and demanded type of vegetable crops – cabbage Brassica oleracea L. – in the process of evolution and domestication was divided into three clusters: leafy cabbage, headed cabbage and broccoli (cauliflower). According to modern data, Broccoli was developed by hybridization from collard greens and is the genetic precursor to cauliflower. Broccoli and cauliflower have a valuable biochemical composition and are recommended for daily consumption. The characteristic of cultures of Brassica oleracea L. (broccoli and cauliflower) is given according to the most important biochemical quality characteristics.
Material and methods. The research material included 30 accessions of broccoli and 35 accessions of cauliflower from the VIR collection, reflecting the ecological, geographical and genetic diversity. Accessions were grown at the research and production base "Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories VIR" (St. Petersburg), biochemical analysis was carried out in the laboratory of biochemistry and molecular biology VIR using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Results. The characterization of Brassica oleracea L. species (broccoli and cauliflower) is given according to the main most important biochemical quality characteristics. As a result of using of the modern gas chromatography/mass spectrometry approach to the study of the biochemical composition in samples of broccoli and cauliflower, about 136 components have been identified from the groups of organic acids, free amino acids, including essential, fatty acids, including essential, polyhydric alcohols, sugars, and also phenolic compounds, nucleosides, and others. Regularity in the accumulation of nutrient and biologically active substances by cultures of Brassica oleracea L., by cultivar types and individual samples were revealed. As a result of our research using modern techniques new data on the biochemical composition of broccoli and cauliflower were obtained. B.oleracea within the studied botanical varieties and cultivar types has a complex biochemical composition that characterizes them as accessions with potentially high value, which confirms the need for indepth control of the biochemical composition of plants when breeding new varieties. Accessions with the optimal component composition for balanced human nutrition, which are proposed to be used in breeding for quality, including obtaining varieties for healthy (functional) and therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition of the population of the Russian Federation were found.

Relevance and methods. For the Non-chernozem zone, the main factor for the active development of late blight is the low air temperature and its sharp fluctuations during the day, contributing to the formation of increased air humidity and drip-liquid moisture on the plants. In the Moscow region, the causative agent of late blight is manifested almost annually. Populations of Phytophthora infestans are represented by the To and T1 races. Epiphytotic development was observed periodically (1977-1979, 1982, 1986, 1996-1999, 2000, 2001, 2003-2004, 2008-2009, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019) and was provided by the virulent T1 race. Observations showed that epiphytotic situations arose in those years when the minimum air temperature was below long-term average values, and relative humidity and precipitation exceeded them. With a deviation from the norm in the direction of increasing temperature, decreasing rainfall and relatively low humidity, years were observed with a depressive (1992, 1994) or moderate development of the disease (1980, 1981, 1983, 1985, 1987-1991, 2002, 2005-2007, 2010-2012, 2018).
Results. As a result of breeding work, a Grot tomato-tolerant tomato variety was obtained, on the basis of which varieties with high resistance Grand, Dubok, Gnom, Chelnok, Patris, Geya, Zolushka, Perst, Severyanka, Blagodatny were obtained. In the general collection of VIR as a source resistance to leaf spot pathogens were registered: Geya (v.k. 14839), Slavyanka (v.k. 14840), Patrice (v.k. 14841), Rossiyanka (v.k. 14842), Krepysh (v.k. 14843), Sibiryachka (v.k. 14444) and line 1079-94 (v.k. 14845) donors, in addition to their high resistance to late blight, have excellent economic characteristics.

Relevance. Currently, downy mildew of cucumber (peronosporosis) is the most harmful disease on this crop in the open ground, has an epiphytotic character and causes significant damage to the crop of greens.
Material and methods. The research was carried out on selection and collection material of the laboratory of selection and seed production of pumpkin crops in the open and protected ground of the Moscow region. At least 300 collection and selection samples of cucumber were sown in the open and protected ground (Moscow region) every year, for phytopathological evaluation. Their defeat by downy mildew was taken into account on a 5-point scale.
Results. Among the varieties of FSBSI FSVC selection, were less affected by this disease: Edinstvo, Electron 2, Vodoley, Vodopad, F₁ Debut, F₁ Krepish, F₁ Brunette, F₁ Frant, F₁ Krasotka and F₁ VNIISSOK 1. The most resistant to peronosporosis were Japanese varieties – Sadao rishu, Jibai, Higan Fushinari, Tropical slicer and others. Some Polish hybrids – Aladyn (SKW 190), Heron (SKW 290) and Parys (SKW 390), also had increased resistance to downy mildew. It should be noted that the varieties Jerelo and Geim from Ukraine; Dutch hybrids – F₁ Sequenza, F₁ Bejo 1612, F₁ Pontia, 85/2292, F₁ Donia mix; from the United States – F₁ Calypso. In the selection for resistance to downy mildew you can to use varieties created in the Far East, the Crimean experimental breeding station. As a result of the annual assessment of parent forms on a natural infectious background, samples with increased resistance to downy mildew were selected.

Relevance. In Russia the issue of resource-saving irrigation of agricultural land is one of the most urgent, and total water consumption is one of the most important elements of the water balance of irrigated territory. Analyze the basic methods of determining the total water consumption, determine the average daily water consumption, total water consumption and zonal bioclimatic ratios for oats, barley with planting perennial herbs and perennial herbs in the conditions of the Central Region of the Russian Federation.
Materials and methods. The research was carried out on a stationary field experience in the Podolsk district of the Moscow District. To improve the individual elements of the water balance in these conditions were laid stationary water balancing sites (S=200 m²). The pre-21 thresholds for soil moisture was not less than 75%. The research was carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods and recommendations. Total water consumption during the growing season and in the phases of plant development was determined by the method of water balance.
Results. The total water consumption of crops by elements of the slope varies significantly between the upper and lower elements of the slope difference is 12-15 mm, which should be taken into account when calculating irrigation regimes on sloped lands. At the top of the slope it is necessary to carry out 1-2 watering more than at the base of the slope. Differentiated watering along the length of the slope allows to save irrigation water by 10-15%. The water consumption of crops in the context of the experience was greater in April and September than in the other months of growing. This is due to climate indicators. Total evaporation from the soil and plant surfaces depends on soil moisture, crop condition, wind speed, temperature and humidity. In April and September, the study years showed elevated temperatures and low relative humidity. When comparing the average daily water consumption at irrigated areas at the top and at the base of the slope, it is seen that in all the months of vegetation it is more on the upper section by an average of 12%. Bioclimatic coefficients depend on humidity and air temperature. The zonal coefficients we have obtained allow us to determine the water consumption of crops, both in each growing season and in general for vegetation.

Relevance. The specifics of the fresh cut flowers market in the Russian Federation is such, that 85-100% of the total volume of flowers sold is imported. The most popular flowers among Russian consumers are roses (up to 60% in the total share of fresh flowers), chrysanthemums and carnations, all of which require certain growing conditions. Recently, the market of local seasonal flowers has begun to develop, the main players in which are small farms or household plots.
Material and methods. This article presents the data about market analysis of fresh cut flowers in Russia for the last five years (2015-2020). For this analysis were used the methods applied in economics. The main information database of this research includes data from official state statistics; open data from analytical centers; federal and regional regulations; data from the Federal agency for technical regulation and Metrology; reference materials of specialized data on research field; data from industry-specific portals; sites; articles and reviews written by producers of fresh cut flowers in Russia and worldwide.
Results. Russia is one of the top six importers of fresh cut flowers in the world. The most popular flower among Russian consumers is a rose. There is not much suitable soil and climatic conditions in Russia for growing it on a commercial scale in the open ground. In 2018-2019 according to Rosstat data the number of flowers, grown for cutting in Russia, was estimated 263,3 billion pieces. However, now Russian flower producers are not able to meet domestic demand for fresh flowers, so there is no almost export.

Relevance and methods. he article examines the impact of phytosanitary standards on international trade in plant products. It is noted that it is complex in two ways: on the one hand, phytosanitary control protects against low-quality goods, non-native pests and diseases, on the other – negatively affects international trade, makes it difficult for small producers to enter the market, especially when it comes to developing countries. The study provides examples of Vietnam and Chile.
Results. It is concluded that excessively strict phytosanitary regulations act more as a barrier than as a catalyst for trade. Moreover, there is a tendency to tighten requirements. The authors draw attention not only to the necessity, but also to the complexity of harmonization of phytosanitary standards.

Relevance and methods. For the production of chicory seeds, care must be taken not only to obtain a high-grade source material, i.e. varietal seeds and masterbatch root crops, but also to store the resulting root crops in winter with minimal losses. The main requirement for growing mother chicory root crops is the placement of crops on fertile soils that are clean of weeds. Installed. That on podzolized loams the best dose of mineral fertilizers for this crop is N₄₅P₁₂₀K₆₀, where an increased dose of superphosphate increases the yield and rootability of Queen cells, increases seed productivity for the second year.
Materials and methods. The purpose of this work is to analyze the safety of root crops of chicory root and the degree of their damage by root rot during winter storage in plastic bags in burts. The purpose of the study is to identify the best way to store the mother chicory root crops and the effect of reproduction on the rootability of root crops in winter. Questions of storage of the mother material of root chicory were studied in the laboratory of selection and seed production on the example of the Petrovsky variety in 2017-2019. The material for research was the families of chicory of the Petrovsky variety in the control and elite nursery.
Results. The obtained data show that when evaluating and selecting families for the purpose of obtaining highly productive seed material, the safety of root crops in long-term winter storage should be taken into account. If its values are low, the entire family should be completely excluded from the process of primary seed production. In selection and seed-growing work, a mandatory component of the assessment should be the safety of root crops during long-term winter storage.