Increasing the competitiveness of the agro-industrial complex is inextricably linked with the development of science that ensures the development of innovative methods, the introduction of new knowledge and achievements of agricultural science in production. In order to provide scientific support to the vegetable-growing industry in 2017, the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Vegetable Center” was founded. The main directions and tasks of the Center are presented in the article. Brief results of research work for the current year are given: 47 new varieties and hybrids have been created; more than 200 gene sources and 30 donors of especially valuable features were allocated, 28 patents for selection achievements, inventions and utility models were obtained. The publication activity of the center for 2017 is 159 publications in the RINC system, as well as 22 articles in the journals included in the Web of Science, Scopus and RSCI databases. Citation of FSBSI FSVC articles on the RINC database -1075.

With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.

The main results of research on onion crops in the laboratory of seed selection and technology of cultivation of vegetable cultures of SibNIIRS for a 40-year period are given. Collection, study and reproduction of local and varieties from other regions made it possible to create an extensive gene pool of onion plants for various breeding and direct use in production. More than 1500 samples belonging to 52 species of the genus Allium have been studied. The following species are most developed in the selection plan: shallots, shnitt, batoon, slizun, fragrant, Altai. The advantages of cultivation of shallots onions in comparison with onion are shown. The main methods of selection of onion cultures are presented in the historical section. As a result of selection, polycross and interspecific hybridization (A. ascalonicum x A. cepa), 15 sorts of shallots of different maturation period have been created and entered into the State Register. The most productive were the hybrid populations, where the sorts of shallots were used as maternal forms: the bulb weight increased, the number of them in the nest decreased, and they were more evenly sized. The advantage of the landing of the shallows in the nursery of competitive variety testing is shown. A clonal nursery of rhizome perennial onions was created in 5 species, numbering 330 samples (shnitt, Altai, slizun, baton, fragrant). Interest for selection on a set of economic features is 19 (productivity of seeds and green leaves, intensity of regrowth after cut, qualitative composition of leaves, resistance to diseases).

In the Moscow region, for a long-term species of bows in winter, a complex of limiting factors determines their winter hardiness. To characterize the period from November to March 2014-2017. The winter severity index (Woz) was calculated on a scale from 0 to 10 points (0 very soft, 10 very severe). The severity of winter in 2014-2015 was 2.91 points, 20152016 3.14 points, 2016-2017 4.75 points. The average percentage of overwintered plants for each sample was determined by the ratio of the number of living plants to the number of dead. Many varieties of welch onion were not sufficiently winter-hardy, including Red, Snowdrop, Russian size, Handsome, April, Russian winter. Stable high 100% winter hardiness showed a variety of welch onion Green feathers. From the studied 71 species and 194 samples of bows of perennial different ecological and geographical origin under the conditions of the Moscow region in the subgenus Amerallium plants A. neapolitanum Cirillo (Molium section) and A. ursinum L. (section Arctoprasum), and also in the subgenus Nectaroscordum A. bulgaricum plants (Janka) Prodбn (section Nectaroscordum (Lindl.) Gren. & Godr.) in the winter of 2014-2015 died completely. Winter in 2016-2017 years in the subgenus Rhizirideum, section Rhizirideum G. Don ex Koch A. senescens L. plants overwintered 75%, A. nutans L. – 90-95% depending on the sample, A. stellarianum Willd. 15 %. In subgenus Melanocrommyum, section Melanocrommyum Webb & Berthel. s.s. plants A. cyrillii Ten. overwintered 75%. In the subgenus Butomissa, sections Butomissa (Salisb.) Kamelin plants Allium odorum L. overwintered 86-93% depending on the sample. In the subgenus Cepa, the section Schoenoprasum Dum. plants A. ledebourianum Schult. & Schult. f. overwintered 75%. The remaining species overwintered 100%.

Different perennial species of Allium L. have been studied under Moscow Province conditions as new vegetables and melliferous plants. The results of long-term studies of anthecology of seven species of Allium L.: A. nutans L., A. flavescens Bess., A. odorum L., A. montanum F.W. Schmidt, A. fistulosum L., A. angulosum L., A. schoenoprasum L. are presented in the paper. It is shown that the objects of study differ in terms of the beginning of flowering and length of the growing season. The early-flowering (A. fistulosum, A. montanum, A. schoenoprasum), and late-flowering species (A. angulosum, A. nutans, A. odorum, A. flavescens) were identified. The species features in the daily dynamics of flowering, the timing of development of pistils and the duration of susceptibility of their stigmas are revealed. The significant influence of weather conditions on these processes is established. By nature of blooming flowers within a single inflorescence type are revealed apical (A. schoenoprasum, A. fistulosum) and basal (A. odorum, A. nutans, A. montanum, A. flavescens) types of inflorescence. Besides, groups of species differing with the dynamics of disclosure of flowers in inflorescences are noted. It was found that the daily course of opening flowers within the species, as a whole, is constant, but depends on weather conditions. It is shown that the maximum number of flowers opening per day in all species falls on the middle of the flowering period. The species composition of pollinators and entomophages for the studied species of Allium L. was determined. The taxonomic diversity of the composition of insects visiting the inflorescences of onions is shown. The role of separate insects in the pollination process is established. The main pollinators of early-flowering and late-flowering species of onions are determined. It is stated that the most important as pollinators are species related to the orders of Hymenoptera (bumblebees, bees) and Diptera (flower flies, tachina flies), the activity of which largely depends on weather conditions and time of day.

In the course of research, experiments were conducted to study and describe the biological and economic features of Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch. and Allium pskemense B. Fedtsch. in the Moscow region. The object of the research was samples of various ecological and geographical origin, obtained from various scientific institutions in Russia and other countries. The landing scheme was 70x30 cm. The area of the registered plot was 5 m2. Repeatability 4 times. Samples of Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch. II years of life provided an average yield of green feathers at a level (2.85-3.86 kg/m2), and Allium pskemense B. Fedtsch. (2.593.20 kg/m2). Maximum yields were provided by samples No. 3 and No. 6 of Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch. and samples No.3 and No.5 of Allium pskemense B. Fedtsch.. Correlation analysis showed that high productivity of the green feather is formed, first of all, due to the number of false stems (r = 0.909). Significant influence is exerted by such features as the number of leaves (r = 0.633), leaf length (r = 0.630), and the length of the false stem (r = 0.604). The nutritional value of Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch. and Allium pskemense B. Fedtsch. is due to the presence of ascorbic acid (19.2-32.6 mg%), carotene (14.9-26.1 mg%) and biologically active substances, including flavonoids (251-325 mg% ), hydroxycinnamic acids, (155-194 mg%). The content of dry substances in the samples of the two onions studied was 10.3-12.7%, sugars 2.8-4.2%. The nitrate content did not exceed 170 mg%.

Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch. is distributed in the middle belt of the Pamir and Altai mountains. The local population uses leaves and bulbs for food in fresh and canned form. Selective forms of onion Oshanina still does not exist. The research was carried out in the AllRussian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Growing" (VNIIO branch of FGBNU FNCS) in 20142017. The object of the study was a collection of five samples of A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch. of various origins. Experiments were conducted to study and describe the biological and economic features of onion Oshanin (Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch.) In the Moscow region; statistical processing and analysis of research results; methods for describing the characteristics used to assess distinctness, uniformity and stability are given. The object of the research was a collection of five samples A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch. of various origins. Methodical recommendations for registration of onion Oshanin (A. oschaninii O. Fedtsch.) In the State Register of Selection Achievements, admitted to use in the territory of the Russian Federation, for introduction into culture and introduction into production, are developed. The methodological recommendations have been prepared in accordance with the principles of similar methods used in UPOV and the State Commission of the Russian Federation for Testing and Preservation of Selection Achievements. A system of parameters has been developed, the use of which will ensure the contribution of new knowledge to the theory and practice of seed selection and production, will help to speed up the development of new varieties and hybrids with high winter hardiness, with early and harmonious growth of leaves, a long period of preservation of commercial qualities of green products resistant to peronosporosis for the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, to assess the effectiveness of selection work in order to increase yields, improve product quality and increase the resistance of new varieties to the impact of factors on of the circling medium. The results of the research can be used in breeding organizations and state stations, in the description of new varieties based on the characteristics used to assess distinctness, uniformity and stability.

Since 2001, the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing has been working with shallots in the North-Eastern zone of the country (Kirov region). Purpose of the work: to study local onion varieties on a set of economically valuable traits under vegetative and generative methods of reproduction, to select the best forms, to obtain selection samples, to identify promising numbers-future varieties, to develop technologies for their cultivation. Collected and created a collection of local varieties of shallots (2001-2006). In the period 2009-2011, selection samples were obtained with free over-dusting of local varieties of shallots on a natural background, and hybridization work was carried out. Elements of vegetative technology (2006-2008) and seed propagation of shallots (2009-2016) have been developed. As a result of the research, technological methods of vegetative and seed methods of scoop breeding in the conditions of the North-Eastern zone of Russia are substantiated. The developed elements of the seed breeding technology of the shallots are used in the selection of this species of onions using local varieties. For the North-Eastern zone of Russia and a number of regions with similar climate conditions, earlyripening varieties with a high-intensity photosynthetic sheet are relevant. The bulb should accumulate a significant amount of carbohydrates, have a delicate and juicy consistence juicy scales and tightly fitting, durable dry scales. Need a thin neck in bulbs. According to the results of the competitive testing in 2017, 3 prospective varieties were transferred to the ICG, differing in their external organoleptic characteristics, having a stable yield of 2.73.6 kg/m2, capable of storage for 9-10 months and a level of preservation of 80-90%, propagated by vegetative and seed methods.

Yaltinskiy onion is one of the symbols of the Crimea, the very name of which is tied to the famous resort, which emphasizes belonging to the Crimean Peninsula. Salad sweet onion is in constant demand among the guests of the peninsula and locals. Its price is several times higher than the price of other onion varieties. Unfortunately, under the guise of Yaltinskiy sortotype, products that are much inferior to it according to taste peculiarities are often sold. In this regard, creation of new cultivar of sweet salad onion, exceeding palatability of the existing cultivar Yaltinskiy Rubin is an urgent task, having an undeniable economic direction. The source material was collected at various zones of the Crimean Peninsula. During the research, hybridization and selection in hybrid progeny were carried out. The plants were analyzed using various methods of evaluation. Much attention was paid to biochemical analysis. The palatability traits are important for the onion cultivars of salad direction. The best indicators for sugars and vitamin C were identified in salad onion of a new cultivar Yaltinskiy plus. Reducing the content of essential oil has improved the taste and its consumer properties. Useful properties were also supplemented by the fact that the presence of selenium antioxidant 68 μg/kg and anthocyanins of 1.66 mg/100 g in salad onions was established, which is 1.5 and 2.3 times higher than the standard sample showed. The content of quercetin and other polyphenols was also noted. The cultivar is characterized by high agronomic stability (90%), product quality (88%), and productivity (49 tons per ha).

Leek very ancient culture which was widely applied in cookery and as remedy still by ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. Now the leek is widespread in countries of Western Europe and North Africa, in the USA, Canada, Australia. On chemical composition it is one of the most valuable onions representing in fact "the alive table of Mendeleyev". In such countries as Belgium, Holland and France it is one of the main vegetable cultures, and annual production it per capita makes from 4 to 10 kg. In Russia, unfortunately, it is still rare culture though falls into to the most valuable types of an onion on biochemical structure, productivity, resistance to wreckers and diseases. Widespread introduction of a leek in production restrains a number of factors among which lack of early ripening varieties with the increased resistance to extreme environmental conditions, and in this regard – difficulty of receiving high-quality seeds of leek in a midland of Russia to the north of Rostov-on-Don. Therefore, a vital necessity is on the basis of study under various conditions of cooperation a "genotype is an environment" and selection from world collection of sources of economic-valuable signs, creation of productive sorts and hybrids with good resistance to cold, possessing in the conditions of Moscow Suburbs, along with the high productivity and quality of products, by a high adaptivity to the different terms of height winter spending. Results of long-term researches of laboratory of selection of onions cultures (VNIISSOK) on studying, assessment and selection of exemplars of grades of leek from the VIR world collection are presented in article, receiving hybrid combinations and lines, development of methods of selection and creation on this basis of grades and hybrids of leek for not seedling culture in a midland of Russia, possessing high rates of vegetable and seed efficiency, quality of production and winter hardiness.

Vegetable root plants is a valuable, essential components of a balanced diet person. The basis of the modern methodology of breeding work on root crops is to meet the requirements of the market, so the breeders are faced with the task of creating varieties and hybrids of root crops with an attractive appearance and a sufficiently high nutritional value, suitable for new technologies of cultivation and processing. The regular meeting of the methodical Commission of the edible plants in the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center in the framework of the international scientific-practical conference "Methodology of selection and seed growing of vegetable root plants." The conference was attended by scientists, breeders, seed growers, experts from Russia and CIS countries. The participants of the conference exchanged information on the achievements, development and application of various methodological approaches in the selection and seed production of vegetable root plants, contributing to the creation and introduction of domestic competitive varieties and hybrids, which will solve the problem of import substitution. The need to create a new source material on the basis of the collections of recent years for breeding on technology, alignment of the external parameters of varieties and hybrids of all vegetable root plants, as well as to improve the methods of seed production, especially for the reproduction of seeds of higher categories and lines of hybrids. The changed scientific and technological conditions of conducting the selection and seed-growing process require improving the efficiency of breeding development, the complexity of selection and genetic research, the use of biotechnological methods, MAS technologies, phytotrons, greenhouses and other facilities to accelerate the selection process.

Supply of the domestic fresh vegetables commodity to the population of Northern regions of Russia is one of the most priority tasks of the national economy. Lack of the local, high-quality and adopted breeding material is highly problematic for breeding programs. Generation of the new, highly productive vegetable cultivars for the glass-covered ground, including light culture, will promote to expand significantly the volume of local production of vegetables in protected ground, especially in regions with a cold climate. One of the most prospective crops for protected ground is small radish, an early ripening crop with a valuable biochemical composition. А strategy for creation of the new, highly productive forms of small radish, beard predictable complex of economically valuable characters for growing in conditions of intensive light culture, has been developed in the Agrophysical Research Institute (SaintPetersburg). At the first stage, represent interspecific set of 26 small radish cultivars from different regions, was investigated in controlled conditions (artificial light, climate cell) to reveal a complex of economically valuable properties (early maturity, productivity, morphological traits). The plants were grown in original plant grooving light equipment (lamps DNaZ-400, photoperiod 12 hours, irradiation 15-20 klk), in a small volume of substrate (peat with mineral additives). It was observed that the small radish varieties have significant diversity in precocity, productivity, resistance to bolting, also they vary in a number of morphological features of roots and leaves. Bov, Estella, Rocco (Netherlands), Nobo Chind Criollo (Peru) were the most productive cultivars. They can produce yield of commercial roots during 30 days of vegetation up to 3.5 kg/m2. In addition, cultivars – genetic resources of economically valuable properties (compact rosette, glabrous leaf, resistance to bolting) were revealed for a breeding. Parent pairs for crossing were selected. It is planned to obtain offspring small radish forms with a complex of economically valuable properties, more productive than the parents. In all matched hybrid combinations, F1 hybrids were obtained. They have a degree of hybrid superiority in roots weight from 110 to 230% over the best of the parent form. They will become the ancestors of the original forms of small radish, intended for cultivation in conditions of intense light culture.

The article gives a historical overview of expeditionary surveys of the Republic of Kazakhstan territory by the VIR employees with the aim of collecting local vegetable and melon crops from the first expedition in 1925 and to present days. A total of 13 expeditions of VIR were carried out across Kazakhstan, including cooperative surveys with employees of the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Growing. The role of Vavilov and his associates in the formation of the Institute's collections, the continuity of ideas and traditions in the scientific work with plant genetic resources are emphasized. The analysis of the dynamics of receipt of expeditionary samples in the collection of VIR is given. The current state and significance of local vegetable resources of vegetable and melon crops of Kazakhstan for breeding use in the Russian Federation is shown. The botanical status of the collected seed material is reflected and the results of long-term comprehensive ecological and geographical study of the collection at VIR stations are presented. Genetic sources of valuable traits are identified in various directions of breeding in cabbage, tomato, carrot, radish, radish, watermelon, melon and pumpkin for use in breeding programs. It is emphasized that the creation of highly productive varieties and plant hybrids that combine high quality with resistance to a complex of biotic and abiotic factors can be successful in breeding with the wide use of wild species, semi-cultural and primitive forms and local varieties with a high degree of adaptation . Taking into account the exclusion of local varieties from production by highly productive varieties, the role of preserving their variability in gene banks is growing. Long-term international scientific cooperation contributes to the solution of the tasks of mobilizing plant resources by conducting expedition collections, conservation and rational use of plant genetic resources.

The article deals with the stages of obtaining heterosis hybrids F1 watermelon. To solve the problem of creating heterosis hybrids watermelon allocated parent line with nuclear (gene) male sterility, which has a marker recessive trait – a single leaf blade. On the basis of this line, we create F1 watermelon hybrids that meet the requirements of modern production. The characteristic of the maternal line (line HMS) having sterile male flowers (gene ms) and wholeness (nl), light green color of the fruit (g), which is also a recessive trait. Also, the assessment on complex resistance to Fusarium and Anthracnose in linear hybrids F1 watermelon showed their superiority over the parent lines and a significant excess of the standard. Determined the combining ability of hybrid combinations of watermelon were evaluated for yield. According to the results of the evaluation of the ability to combine, a positive effect on productivity showed a combination with the paternal lines: Uspeh, Nice, Medunok, Vostorg, Favorite, Stimul, Icar, Rubyn, Pamyat Kholodova. The effect of more than 20 t / ha showed paternal lines Pamyat Kholoova, Favorite, Ikar. The optimal variant of the parent forms ratio is o: m: o: m: o (1:2), this scheme provides a higher hybridity of the obtained seeds. Hybridity of the obtained seeds was determined in the nurseries of preliminary and competitive variety testing. Hybridity of seeds was from 84.2 to 96.3%, which is satisfactory for industrial crops, where non-hybrid plants will be removed at breakthrough on the marker basis. Separated hybrids Line Cms x Rubyn, Line Cms x Medunok, the Line Cms x Favorite, Line Cms x Vostorg, Line Cms x Icar. The aim of the research was to develop the stages of obtaining heterosis hybrids F1 watermelon.

On March 12th , a doctor of agricultural Sciences, professor, the main scientific reseacher of laboratory of vegetable breeding and seed production of table root crops of Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Federal Vegetable Science Center, Margarita Ivanovna Fedorova celebrates her 85th birth anniversaru and the 60th anniversaru of her labor, scientific and pedagogical activity.

The data on the greenhouse tomato culture productivity in the long turnover (February November) without application of artificial light are presented. The plants were grown using small-volume hydroponic technology on mineral wool in the industrial greenhouse of LLC "Prigorodny" (Syktyvkar, 61° 40′ 35″ N, 50° 48′ 35″ E). Tomato seeds (hybrid Starbuck F1) were sown in early December 2016. The seedlings were illuminated for 19 h daily with the high-pressure sodiumvapor reflector lamps (HPSV-400W / REFLUX) with an installed power of 130 W/m2. In early February 2017 plants at the age of 4245 days were transferred to the greenhouse and grown at density of 2 plants per square meter under natural lighting conditions. The dependence between the light intensity at leaf level and the natural light entering the greenhouse was studied. In spring sunny days, the light intensity at the level of the upper leaves did not exceed the 450500 μmol quanta/m2s, and in cloudy weather was 2-3 times lower. It was found that the saturation of leaf CO2-uptake by light took place at intensity of 800-1000 μmol quanta/m2s. The leaves formed under light deficiency had lowered photosynthetic activity (near 3 μmol СО2/m2s). The maximal productivity of tomato culture was observed during maximum light levels and sunny period (June-July). The average value of tomato productivity was about 34 kg/m2. The data show the possibility of producing commercial tomato yield in the first light zone without artificial lighting, which significantly reduces production costs.

Effects of humic preparation (HP) Stimulife and PGPR (plant growth promotion rhizobacteria) Bacillus subtilis №2 on the productivity and quality of the sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits were studied in the control conditions. It was experimentally established that the use of Stimulife and bacteria Bacillus subtilis №2 resulted in an increase in plant height, productivity and biochemical composition of sweet peppers. Differences in the effect of the studied preparations on the morphometric, phenological and biochemical characteristics of plants and fruits of pepper varieties Ermak and Cinderella were revealed. The bacteria Bacillus subtilis №2 significantly increased the yield, the number of fruits per one plant and the contents of ascorbic acid and carbohydrates in pepper fruits. In this case, the average weight of one fruit of pepper v. Ermak decreased. HP Stimulife increased the pepper yield due to increasing the mean mass of one fruit in both pepper varieties. Joint used of HP Stimulife and bacteria Bacillus subtilis №2 led to an intensification of the production process of plants compared to the experiment variants, in which HP Stimulife was used alone. The yield of sweet pepper Ermak and Cinderella increased by 10-45%, the maturation period of fruits was reduced by 10-14 days, the content of ascorbic acid increased by 25%, sugar content increased to 26%. The expediency of the joint application of HP Stimulife and bacteria Bacillus subtilis №2 in the cultivation of sweet pepper under controlled conditions is substantiated.

The seed fund is considered as a basis of food independence of the country and seed certification in many developed countries, including the Russian Federation, is care of the state. Seed farming of vegetable cultures in our country is complicated by adverse soil-climatic conditions of the majority of regions. The quality of the made seeds which does not conform to requirements of the modern agriculture providing uses of the homogeneous seeds with high field viability remains the main problem of branch. The modern level of development of scientific knowledge provides application of instrumental methods of the analysis of quality of the seeds differing in high informational content, speed and ease of execution. We developed and approved a method X-ray analysis of quality of vegetable seeds. Now programming, automation of this method is conducted. The way of the digital analysis of x-ray images in the automatic mode comes to replacement of earlier applied visual analysis of radiographs of seeds. The modernized hardware and software system is developed and approved, the program algorithm consisting of several stages is developed. There is a completion and approbation of the new software for the automatic analysis of graphic files of X-ray image of seeds of vegetable cultures under the name "Sortsemkontrol-1.0". Development and deployment of a method of the automatic analysis of x-ray images of vegetable seeds is essential to accelerate process, will increase its informational content and will allow to get rid of subjectivity, connected by the visual analysis of radiographs.

The article presents an analysis of the state of mushroom growing in the world as one of the leading directions of the intensive agricultural sector of the economy, analyzes and identifies areas for the future development of mushroom growing in the Russian Federation in the light of the implementation of the State program for the development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and food for 2013-2020. The goals, directions and expected potential of development of branch construction of new mushrooming complexes in the Russian Federation, necessity of expansion of volumes and assortment of produced valuable food crops are proved, target parameters of the software of the branch are outlined. The principles of organization of mushrooming and promising technological solutions for improving the economic efficiency of production are recommended. Measures of state support for mushroom farming are described. The advantages of intensive industrial cultivation of edible fungi in conditions of protected soil are substantiated. Key words: industrial mushroom cultivation, cultivation facilities, full production cycle, organizational and technological production system, mushroom, oyster mushroom, shiitake.

The fundamental direction of modern agriculture development is elaboration and utilization of technologies that ensure environmental safety, high plant productivity and quality of crop production. In this connection, the issues of optimization of mineral nutrition and water supply, immunity enhancement and protection of plants against various forms of biotic and abiotic stresses without significant environmental stress are of current interest. Normal growth and development of almost all plants on the Earth depends on the presence of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil, which ensure optimal plant nutrition and water supply due to the huge number of hyphae. The review discusses the prospects for the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the cultivation of Allium species, as the most responsive plants to the effects of mycorrhizae due to the poorly developed root system that hinders the nutrition of plants. It is noted that utilization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may provide the reduction of the amount of fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides needed for high productivity of crops. The review deals with the peculiarities of symbiotic interrelations of different species of mycorrhizal fungi (pure and mixed cultures, mainly of the genus Glomus) with different Allium species (onion, garlic, shallot, leek, A. roylei, A. fistulosum, A. galanthum). Questions of agricultural crops quality as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungy are discussed. Data on the effect of climatic conditions on the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi utilization in Allium production are discussed. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of biofortification of Allium species with selenium via utilization of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi is noted, as well as an increase in the content of biologically active sulfur-containing compounds in garlic. Particular attention is paid to the necessity of the development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi preparations in Russia – the country not using this ecologically friendly technology at present.

The unique biochemical composition of broad bean seeds (Vicia faba L. var. major Harz) makes them a promising vegetable crop. The quantity and quality of the yield of beans depends to a large extent on the mycoses caused by microscopic fungi. The aim of the work was to study the diseases of broad beans caused by microscopic fungi in the soil and climatic conditions of the South Central zone of the region. At the Botanical garden BelSU (Belgorod) on a natural infectious background were grown and studied of different broad beans varieties Belarusian, Velena, Russian black, Aquadulche. In some years, the prevalence of Alternaria leaf spot was 8-57%, but the lack of yield did not exceed 12%. Fusarium wilt was spread to 90%, with a disease development index of up to 82% and a loss of yield of 16-64%. In cases of mixed infection (fusariosis + alternariosis, fusariosis + chocolate spot) on plants in the budding-flowering phase (before and after the phase of fruit formation), the destruction of affected plants was noted. The spread of mixed infection was prevented by dry weather during the development of plant generative organs. The development of bean leaf and pod spot, which reduced the productivity by no more than 15%, contributed to the dry period of bean growth. Chocolate spot (not marked on varieties Russian black and Velena) and blackish spotting were noted not on all grades and not annually, reducing the yield of beans by 2-10%. In general, over the years of research, the lowest losses of yield from mycoses are noted for the Belarusian.