Vegetables are vital foods that determine the health and longevity of the population. Development of greenhouse vegetable production, introduction of new technology solves the problem of overcoming the seasonality in vegetable consumption. According to projections The Russian Ministry of Agriculture, the area of the greenhouses to the 2020 will be 4 700 hectares and production of greenhouse vegetables will increase to 1,7 million tonnes per year. Thus, The State believes the real increase area of greenhouses and gross harvest of vegetables protected soil in more than 3 times. Many greenhouses began to transfer cultivation of vegetables with little ground volume technology, modern facilities, equipped with one seedlings shelving units are a variety a hydroponic cultivation methods. Use shelving with Jacob’s platform allows to increase the utilization ratio of effective area of greenhouse to 0,85 and considerably facilitates the hard work of greenhouse working. Modern technology the growing seedlings on tables significantly different from the traditional technology, allowing us to get planting material of better quality during short period after sowing. New conveyor hydroponic technologies allow us to grow ecologically safe products, reducing its cost. These technologies require new varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops high intensification of production. Along with the growth of vegetable yields, which will combined with a reduction in labor costs per unit of output and lower its cost, particular attention must be paid their biological value.

 

Contribution of cultivar in a harvest formation is approximately 70%. State registered list of Russian Federation includes about 9 thousand cultivars and hybrids of vegetable crops and cucurbits belonging to 117 species, 55-60% from cultivars was created by Russian breeders. The features of Russian assortment: large genetic biodiversity of cultivars and hybrids in duration of period of vegetation, resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors; existence of cultivars with very large areal; high part of individual sector in a structure of space and gross (from 50-60 till 75- 85%). The crops that are insufficient objects of Russian breeding have been shown and they need to use import cultivars. In the article the most important breeding directions have been noted: on earliness, resistance to insects and diseases, adaptiveness, high nutritive quality, breeding of energetic effective cultivars, on heterosis, importance of quick reaction on market demands have been shown. For creation of import substituted cultivars they need to use of VIR worldwide collection of vegetable crops and cucurbits that consists of more than 52 thousand accessions. It includes about 30% landraces, 45-50% – modern cultivars and hybrids, 3-5% –primitive forms and wild species, and also hybrid populations, inbred and mutant lines, double haploid lines, accessions with identified genes and chromosome loci, controlling valuable traits. The problems of seed production in Russia and ways of their decision have been reflected: state economic support and state control, use of ecological factors in seed production.

Construction of genetic maps has a principal value upon practical using revealed associations “marker-character”. Wide using molecular DNA-markers as well as application methodology identification and localization on chromosomes of QTL (quantitative trait loci) even in the case when it were no appearance new direction in science significantly allowed broadening of biological investigations, including precision and scalability in construction of genetic linkage maps. At the present investigation of gene linkage is one of most useful approach using for genome mapping as well as for genetic and breeding. Saturation of genetic maps gives possibility of compilation on map many segregated loci in one population up to full genome saturation. At the same time, effects of interaction “genotypeenvironment” can be as basis for variability, which is one of main reason why different populations some of the species not revealed identical length of the maps and differences can reach up to 20%. Gene, loci or even full-length chromosomes mapped in organism of one taxon with high percent of significance can be evaluate and identify with the aim conservative molecular markers mapped in other organism as a rule from the related taxon. Moreover, if it are carried out interspecies comparisons of prediction on arrangement and mapping of genes or QTL, which was made for one species can be apply to other relative to him species.

Research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of breeding and seed production of legumes Federal state budgetary scientific institution "Federal scientific center of vegetable growing" (Moscow region) in 2013-2017. The study included 22 varieties of vegetable pea, differing in the length of the growing season and a weigt of 1000 seeds. Sowing was carried out in the optimal time, repeat the experience fourfold. Seeding rate 100-110 seeds per 1 m2. The selection of seeds four times on each plot. The sign «weight of 1000 seeds» determines the grain size and is the most important in the production of canned «green peas». With the increase in grain size decreases marketability of products, increases the consumption of seeds for sowing, significantly reduces the multiplication factor, which leads to higher prices of products. Therefore, varieties with a weigt of 1000 seeds 200-220 grams are mainly used for freezing. Industry currently uses varieties characterized by an average grain size (7-10mm) and a weight of 1000 seeds less than 200 grams, promising grades with a mass of 100-140 grams. To accelerate the selection process for creating varieties with specified parameters, a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the productivity of the initial material, in particular, the weight of 1000 seeds, is needed, since samples with an average size (160-200 grams) have a low coefficient of phenotypic variability and depend on the interaction of genotype and environment, but the reaction of each genotype to the environment is specific. Work should include samples with the lowest coefficient of variability. When working with finely seeded specimens, the average level of phenotypic variability should be taken into account and, when included in the breeding process, increase the selection sample.

In recent years the interest of the Russian citizens in “healthy diet” has been growing. An important role in this matter can play a low-calorie marrow squash considered as a dietary product, but rich with a lot of useful vitamins and saline minerals. In the selective seed-production enterprise “Master Semya” it is placed a high emphasis on the creation of varieties and F₁ hybrids not only productive, but also attractive and eyecatching, with a high level of biochemical features. Within the research it was selected three maternal lines of a marrow and carried out the estimation of their overall combinational ability for yielding capacity and biochemical parameters. There were given recommendations on their use in the selection of F₁ hybrids. The high values of overall combinational ability for the characteristics of “content of solid matter” and “sugar amount” were distinguished on the maternal line GRS ms. While assessing the economic utility of F₁ hybrids of this maternal line, the attention should be paid to the manifestation of a specific combinational ability for productivity. On the characteristics of “yielding capacity of fruits” and “ascorbic acid content” it was noted a hybrid progeny of the maternal line GRA ms. Selections for specific combinational ability have to be made for a characteristic of high content of solid matter. The maternal line GRL ms has an average data on overall combinational ability for all the studied characteristics. Selections should be conducted according to certain distinguished combinations. The hybrid combinations were evaluated for the main agronomic features and pointed out the promising ones for industrial processing. For the sale in a fresh form and home cooking it is recommended marrow variety “Astor” as productive, with high biochemical characteristics, keeping the marketable qualities for a long time.

Vegetable root plants are valuable, irreplaceable components of a rational food of the person. In the assortment structure of the vegetable market table roots occupy 24%. This article presents a new assortment of vegetable roots selection VNIISSOK over the past decade, the characteristics and advantages compared to foreign varieties and hybrids F₁; new linear source material for breeding for heterosis carrots, beets, radishes; identified areas of selection in the future, taking into account market requirements. The maintenance of sitepopularity lines and F₁ hybrids, carrot, beet, radish, turnip, parsnip: cassette technology of growing fallopian sheet material, turnip, improved scheme the primary seed of parsnip with a change in the winter, selected roots, individual and family selection beet to maintain razdelenata; the technology of breeding lines of radishtrack scheme for cultivation of seed plants in containers of small volume in the protected ground, which allows to obtain two generations per year. The possibility of using small-sized greenhouses for growing seed plants is shown, which increases seed productivity almost twice, compared to open ground, provides reliable spatial isolation. The substantiation of the use of new, more advanced machines and mechanisms for the improvement of seed heap and seed pretreatment is given, which significantly increases the sowing quality.

Actual problem in breeding onion (Allium cepa. L) is the identification of cytoplasm type in varieties and F₁ hybrids. To create a parent sterile fixing line, is required a cytoplasm of type N. However, heterozygous F₁ hybrids and new onion varieties obtained from subsequent generations from F₁ fertility hybrids that possess economically valuable traits and meet market requirements are not suitable for creating a sterile fixing line from them, because all hybrid plants has 100% S-cytoplasm or T-cytoplasm type. In order to determine the most desirable parent component with subsequent use in the selection process, the Laboratory of Selection and Seed Production of Onion Cultures of the Gavrish company conducted a phenotypic and molecular analysis of collection samples of onions for the feature of male sterility. The material for research was grown according to the generally accepted technologies for the zone in the city of Krymsk, Krasnodar Territory. Phenotypic analysis of the manifestation of the "male sterility" feature was carried out with the help of visual analysis. As a result of the work, were identified varieties and F₁ hybrids that can be used as genetic sources for the creation of new sterile lines and lines of sterility fixers, as well as samples to be used as pollinators. In the future, these lines will be used to create heterotic F₁ hybrids with high indicators of economic characteristics with given properties.

The success and timing of new varieties largely depend on the correct selection of the source material, representing the initial stage of breeding. This is especially true for plant species that have a two-year development cycle. The purpose of our research was to obtain intraspecific hybrids of chicory root. Research was carried out in the traditional area of growing root chicory – Rostov region of the Yaroslavl region. For testing the breeding process and obtaining promising lines us in 2014, there were direct steam crossing. A total of 14 samples of hybrid seeds were obtained, which were 2015-2016 sown for testing in the nursery source material. The article presents the data on the study of intraspecific hybrids of chicory root, they are evaluated in the nursery of the source material on yield, marketability, root shape, resistance to root rot during the growing season. Production requires varieties with short root, in which the bulk is concentrated in the upper part, combining high yields and resistance to root rot during the growing season. Among the hybrids dominated the cylindrical shape of the root. The conical shape had rooms Г1432 and Г1442 with root length of 20.0 cm, curved short form (16 cm) of root was different sample Г1462. This sample stood out spread sheet outlet with a strong anthocyanin coloration. As the yield of roots separated rooms Г1432, Г1452 and Г1441 (3.6; 3.4 and 3.7 kg/m2, representing a cash consideration of 133.3; and 127.0- 138.6% of the standard).

The main factor constraining the development of vegetable production in Russia and its regions is the lack of domestic varieties. In the structure of the sown areas of Western Siberia leguminous crops occupy from 1 to 2%, which is clearly not enough. In this regard, it is necessary to increase the total area under leguminous crops, expand their range and identify sources of economically valuable traits in order to create new varieties suitable for cultivation in specific soil and climatic conditions. Objects and methods. The study of economic-value traits was carried out in the uchebno-experimental farm of Omsk State University in 2012-2016. The object for research was 54 samples of peas from the VNIISSOK, VIR, and foreign selection. As a standard, a variety of inexhaustible 195 was used. Results and conclusions. As a result of the research, sources of selected economically valuable pea vegetable seeds were selected for breeding in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of Western Siberia: Chinese, Bondi, Chika and Italy for shrinking vegetation period, for resistance to ascochitis and rust - Chinese, Chika, Gloriosa, for weight gain One bean – Chinese, Chika and Italy; Weight of beans and seeds from a single plant – Chinese, Chika, Italy, Bondi and Demos, 1000 seeds of weight – Chinese, Chika and Italy, according to the taste and suitability for canning and freezing - Chinese and Chika, by the number of nitrogen fixing nodules on one plant - Chinese. The use of cluster analysis on seven basic economic-valuable features allowed us to divide the studied collection samples into 7 clusters of different breeding value. The most promising in the practical and breeding plan should be considered samples belonging to the 6 cluster, which have the maximum expression of quantitative traits: height of plants (81,0 cm), stem diameter (0,7 cm), number of internodes (10,5 pcs.); the height of attachment of the lower bean (39,5 cm); the number of beans from one plant (13,0 pcs.); the number of seeds in a bean (5,5 pcs.); the weight of the 1st bean (1,4 g ); the mass of the beans from the plant (14,0 g); the weight of the seeds from the plant (9,7 g); the weight of 1000 seeds (200 g); ripening 7 days earlier than the standard.

The purpose of the research was to study and optimize the timing of growing tomatoes in conditions of transitional turnover, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions of Dagestan, biological features of culture, lighting conditions, market demand for vegetable products, profitability of production. Experimental studies were carried out in 2015-2016 in the greenhouse farm "Niva". The technology of tomato cultivation in winter and film greenhouses in the transitional turnover of the 6th and 7th light zone of the country is shown, its economic efficiency is shown in the light conditions of Dagestan. The studied F₁ hybrids were distinguished by a good harvest yield from December to April, the highest yields were scored by hybrids: Tomimaru Mucho F₁, Pink Paradise F₁, providing 15.68 and 14.98 kg. The economic evaluation of the studied hybrids and varieties of tomato showed that during planting sowing and planting cannot be delayed, since plants fall into conditions of limited illumination by young ones that have not yet entered the phase of mass fruiting, and the harvest in the winter months is sharply reduced, profitability decreases. According to the average market price for the sale of tomato fruits in the winter months of 200 and 210 rubles per kg, depending on the timing of harvesting and marketing, the profitability of production of hybrids was in %%: Tomimaru Mucho F₁ – 120-170, Tiwai F₁ – 125-170, Pink Paradise F₁ – 123-174, Revermun F₁ – 90-110, Lvovich F₁ – 123-159. Such profitability of cultivation of the studied varieties indicates that their growing in the transitional turnover is economically profitable.

The new variety Blagodatny of determinate tomato is for open ground and small-size plastic greenhouses, with firm fruits; its commercial properties are well retained within 20-25 days from the date of harvesting in milky ripeness stage. The fruits are round, firm, can be consumed fresh, and are also good for pickling and conservation.

The article presents the results of research on the development of elements of the cultivation technology of original varieties of lettuce in irrigated conditions of the Volga delta aimed to provide the citizens with vitamin products of own production within early-spring and autumn periods. The prospective grades of lettuce are selected: Miret RZ (Iceberg variety), Bacio RZ (Romen variety), Anthony RZ (Lollo Rossa variety) and Sigal RZ (Frisse variety). It was defined the seeding time; periods of planting of seedlings in open field and cut-off of saleable products. The highest yield, in average 31,1-33,5 t/ha, was received by Iceberg and Romen varieties of lettuce. For all the planting times, it was registered the high marketability of the produced output – for the Romen and Iceberg varieties – 98%, for the Lollo Rossa and Frisse varieties – 96%. According to the results of the chemical analysis, it was found that all varieties with the summer planting on the average accumulated less of dry matter by 6,12% and the amount of sugar by 39,87%, and had more value of vitamin C by 47,27% and nitrates by 103 mg/kg. The highest level of profitability of 407,8% was received on the cultivation of the Romen variety with the early-spring seeding. Due to their high taste properties, quality and external appeal produced lettuce products are very unique and in demand on the market.

Experts of the World Health Organization (WHO) came to the conclusion that a healthy lifestyle is impossible without 7 types of vegetables: cabbage, carrots, onions, tomato, pepper, broccoli and garden cress. Their minimum consumption is 220 g/day for 1 person. This predetermines the task of increasing the production of vegetables and a significant expansion of the range of vegetable products. According to FAOSTAT, the volume of production of lettuce and leaf chicory in 2016 amounted to 24.896116 million tons, which is 2.2% of the total production of vegetables (melon is not included). The largest producer in the world is China, which produces 54.2%. In the United States, 20.5% are produced, and in the EU – 13.9% of the total volume of lettuce and leaf chicory worldwide. The article shows the experience of LLC "Vesely Agronom", which rents floodplain meadowlands in the Dmitrovsky district since 2012 and grows lettuce and leaf chicory. Their production in the open ground is carried out by seedling method with the use of film greenhouses. Analysis of the production of lettuce shows that their sown area increased from 11 hectares in 2013 to 70 hectares in 2017, and the volume of sold products – from 50 to 650 tons, respectively. The profit from sales increased over 5 years from 1.27 million rubles in 2013 to 7.8 million rubles in 2017. In the structure of costs, seeds and seedlings account for 24%, and the share of wages – 29%.

Presents comparative characteristics of the 4 new varieties of melon breeding Bykovskaya melon experiment station in comparison with the standard. A brief description and varietal characteristics of the new varieties of melons of different ripening periods. Data on the yield, length of vegetation period, dry matter content, as well as complex resistance to diseases. According to the results of comparative evaluation in station variety testing, new melon varieties exceed the standard in yield from 2.7 t/ha (Harmony) to 4.6 t/ha (Originalnaya x Osen), in dry matter content from 0.2% Cometa variety to 1.1% Harmony variety (standard Osen variety – 13.0%). Testing for complex resistance to Anthracnose and powdery mildew revealed that the lowest degree of damage in a hybrid combination of the Originalnaya x Osen was powdery mildew – 51.3%, with a score of 1.4, anthracnose – 80.6% at a score of 1.5.

Breeding work on cucumber culture is conducted in many scientific research institutions and selection and seed-growing firms. The priority direction in the breeding of cucumber in the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture is the creation of bee-dusted varieties for open ground, adapted to local conditions with a sharply variable hydrothermal regime and a high natural infectious background, where the most dangerous of cucumber diseases are downy mildew (peronosporosis) and angular spotting of the leafs (bacteriosis). The breeding and introduction of disease-resistant varieties and hybrids in to practice is the most effective and cheapest method of combating plant diseases, as it is the only way you can get guaranteed yields. A new variety of cucumber Naslednik was obtained as a result of testing promising cucumber varieties at the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture and was handed over in 2016 in the State Variety Test. The variety is medium-ripening, bee-dusted. The fruiting occurs 44-47 days after the emergence of mass shoots. The green fruits are elongate-ovoid form 10-12 cm long, 3.5-4.0 cm in diameter and with a fruit weight of 100-120 g. The average total yield of the fruit is 38.9 t/ha, the marketable – to 31.6 t/ha, respectively to the standard (variety Mig) obtained 35.1 t / ha and 27.4 t/ha. The most valuable qualities of the new variety are resistance to peronosporosis and bacteriosis, a high yield of marketable fruits (80-82%), slowly turning brow fruits.

One of the highly effective measures to ensure a cost-effective production of agricultural raw materials is the optimization of mineral nutrition of plants throughout the vegetative period of plants. The efficiency of foliar fertilization with the microfertilizers of Poly-Feed 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME brand of the company "Haifa Chemicals Ltd." was studied on the development and productivity of cereals: winter and spring wheat, spring barley, and spring rapeseed. Production tests were carried out on the basis of the experimental center of LLC "Kazan Agrokhimservis", located in Pestrechinsky district of Tatarstan. It is established that as a result of foliar application of Poly-Feed fertilizer 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME, the productive characteristics of the studied crops are improved, such as plant height, spike length, grain size, mass of 1000 seeds; the spring wheat yield is increased by 6.8 centners per hectare, winter wheat - by 11.2 centners per hectare, spring barley - by 5.2 centners per hectare, spring wheat rape - by 4.5 centners per hectare, which is significantly higher that for control plants. At the same time, the qualitative characteristics of the grain are improved: in winter and spring wheat in the experimental variant, it corresponded to grade 3, and in control – to grade 4-5. Utilization of fertilizers by Haifa Chemicals Ltd. of the trade mark Poly-Feed 19-19-19 + 1MgO + ME can be recommended for two-fold foliar application of cereals: winter wheat, spring wheat and spring barley in the tillering phase and in the spike phase, spring rape - in seedlings-rosette and after flowering phase. The recommended dose is 5 kg / ha.

The article reflects the possibility of using the transformation of raw materials of vegetable type when using lactic acid organisms by the process of fermentation. The authors point out that such terms as salted, soaked and sauerkraut fruits and vegetables are widely used in vegetable processing technology and technical literature. In the canning industry there is a widespread salting cucumbers, tomatoes, pickled cabbage and beets, pickled watermelon and apples. The contamination of fresh cucumbers with lactic acid microorganisms is on average only 3-6%, and fresh cabbage from 5 to 20% of the total number of microorganisms. A significant place in the epiphytic microflora is occupied by putrefactive microorganisms and microorganisms of the genus Coli aerogenes. Contamination of vegetables microflora increases significantly during storage. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the total number of microorganisms on cucumbers that were stored for more than a day increased by 20-60 times and on cabbage with expired cabbage by 3-4 times. The article shows that the use of fermentation is one of the most popular and well-known ways to preserve fruits and vegetables from spoilage. This method relates to microbiological methods of preservation, which is based on the transformation of sugars contained in vegetables and fruits, lactic acid under the action of lactic acid bacteria, initially located on the surface of the processed raw materials. The task of the research was to study the process of directed fermentation of cabbage of white-leaved variety Slava, using strains of lactic acid microorganisms and their consortia, taking into account the degree of their mutual influence.

The aim of the research was to study the regularity of the influence of the culture medium (substrate) on the development of microflora on the pre -fermentation stage of a model medium made from white cabbage «Parus», using strains of lactic acid microorganisms Leuconostoc mesenteroides VKPM B-8818. The main task in the research process was to perform a stepby-step mathematical processing of experimental data and analyze them, to obtain functional dependencies adequately approximating the experimental data for the base (BMS) and modified (MMC) model media. Analysis of the experimental data showed that, depending on the type (composition) of the medium, the same species of microorganisms exhibit different dynamics of titer growth. In connection with this, an algorithm was developed to determine the optimal duration of pre-fermentation – «stop points». The results of the research showed that modification of the model medium with the addition of table salt and ascorbic acid to it promotes the formation of positive dynamics of the comparison indicator. This dynamics has three extreme extremes, but only extremes are of practical significance, which are in the interval of the monotonic decrease of the titer. One of the conditions for successful development of the starting culture at the main stage of fermentation is a relatively small amount of the first culture's titer at the end of the preliminary fermentation stage in order to exclude competition. Consequently, the position of the "stoppoint" corresponds to the period after the last peak of the comparison indicator. These studies on the regularity of the effect of the pre-cultivation of gram-positive microorganisms on the activity of lactic acid microorganisms in the process of fermentation are relevant, since the whole process and the production of high-quality products depend on this approach in full.

Currently, in southern regions of Russia, mainly, tomatoes of foreign breeding are grown. First of all, this is due to the fact that until recently Russian varieties could not compete with foreign in terms of storage, transportation and guaranteed yield. But in connection with sharp changes in weather conditions, in the direction of increasing critical temperatures, the relevance of cultivating modern varieties of tomato of Russian selection possessing high heatresistant characteristics becomes relevant. The varieties of Tomato Selection of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation Vegetable and Melon Growing served as an object of research. The biochemical properties of fruits depend very strongly on the conditions of growth of the crop and on the genetic potential of the variety. The most important biochemical indicators of tomato fruit are the amount of dry matter, the amount of sugars, the pH of fruit juice, carotene, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and the amount of nitrates. These indicators determine the quality of tomato fruits (products). Five varieties of tomatoes were evaluated for quality changes. The content of solids is maximally in the Morayan variety 6.60±0.04%, the lowest in the Cascader variety is 4.06±0.07%, therefore the most optimal technical properties for the Morayan variety. The content of sugars is maximally in the Moryan variety 4.36±0.05%, the lowest in the stunt Kaskader 2.22±0.04%. The maximum pH of the fruit juice in the variety Cascader is 3.75±0.07 less acidic juice medium, the most acidic medium in the Malinovka variety is 2.75±0.03. The maximum content of carotene in the Moryan variety is 3.03±0.07 mg%, the minimum in the Kaskader variety is 1.26±0.05 mg%. The largest amount of nitrates is able to accumulate a variety of Petrovsky 68.3±0.04 mg%, the minimum quantity in the Supergol variety is 19.0±0.04mg%. The content of ascorbic acid is the highest in the Moryan variety 21.0±0.03 mg%, the lowest in the Petrovsky variety 9.77±0.02.

The big retail chains incur lot of losses of the fresh fruit and vegetable products, the considerable part of which formed by fresh imported tomatoes. This article presents the results of an experiment conducted at Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution North Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture of city Krasnodar for the investigation of influence of temperature conditions on tomatoes quality of the “Torbash” sort during storage. As a biochemical parameters of the quality assessment were investigated acidity, dissolved dry matter content, ascorbic acid and sugars content. Correlation analysis of the data with a changing parameter “temperature” has revealed dependence of the vitamin C content on glucose and the total content of sugars 240 hours after storage. Analysis of data on vitamin C and glucose at a fixed factor “storage time” has showed a high correlation of these parameters at a temperature of 18°С, at 22°С the correlation is moderate. Moderate correlation of the vitamin С content with the sum of the sugars is observed at temperature of plus 16°С; at 4 and 18°C there is a weak correlation. But correlation analysis for sugars and acidity showed no correlation at temperatures other than normal (7…8°С). The ratios of vitamin С and glucose or vitamin С and the amount of sugars can serve as indicators in estimation fruit quality, and the weak of correlation between sugars and acidity at temperatures other than 8°С indicates storage of the product with temperature disturbances