Over the years, breeders around the world have made significant changes to the architecture of plants of vegetable pea varieties. The changes made were aimed at increasing, first of all, the yield. New varieties should have an optimal combination of plant height, the number of productive nodes and increased resistance to lodging. Having achieved certain results, breeders find ways to improve the culture, further improving its economically valuable features. The article highlights the priority directions in the selection of vegetable peas in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center»(FSBSI FSVC), which are directly related to modern market requirements, and considers the specific factors encountered in breeding work, in the production sector and seed practice. Within the framework of import substitution and the achievement of food security of the country, the scientists of the center are intensively working to create new generation varieties: highly productive (by increasing the number of beans at the node and the number of seeds in the bean), suitable for mechanized harvesting (by obtaining appropriate morphotypes with increased stem strength or modified leaf shape) and with high quality indicators of green peas. There is also a constant selection for resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors that have been changing in recent years, both in the country and around the world. The article presents the main achievements obtained thanks to the experience and knowledge of the leading breeders of the center, specialists in seed production and production, as well as specialists in the field of plant immunity. Thus, selectively valuable forms with high productivity (up to 30 beans and more than 150 seeds per plant) were obtained, a variety with high resistance to lodging due to the strength of the stem was obtained. Work is underway to create varieties with high quality green peas and resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Relevance and purpose of the study. Chinese cabbage is a vegetable crop with a high content of vitamins and low calorie content, valued for its ability to receive several crops per year and high productivity. Recently, there has been a reduction in the supply of the vegetable to Russia. There are less than 70 varieties and hybrids of the crop in the State Register of Selection Achievements, many of them are susceptible to the most important diseases. It is necessary to meet consumer demand with new commercial hybrids with resistance to stressors. The aim of the study was to evaluate and obtain genotypes with a set of valuable economic traits, including resistance to clubroot, powdery mildew, and early bolting.
Materials and methods. The Chinese cabbage lines of various degrees of inbred and DH, as well as hybrid combinations from crossing these lines, were used as plant material. The lines were obtained in 2019-2020, the breeding material for them was selected on the ground infected with clubroot and with tolerance to tip burn of heads. To achieve the goal, the following methods were applied: plants cultivation; DNA isolation (CTAB method); PCR analysis; electrophoresis and visualization of results; productivity assessment and dispersion analysis; obtaining doubled haploids in culture of isolated microspores in vitro, assessment of resistance/susceptibility to powdery mildew.
Results. 2 genotypes with high productivity and alignment in turnover summer-autumn 2022 and a genotype exceeding 3 standards in head weight in turnover spring-summer 2022 were recommended; as a result of molecular genotyping, 41 lines were differentiated according to the clubroot resistance gene CRb; DH plants for 4 genotypes with resistance to early bolting were obtained, their responsiveness to embryogenesis was studied; 18 lines were evaluated for resistance to powdery mildew, 7 genotypes with resistance to the disease were identified.

Spinach is an economically important vegetable crop widely cultivated and consumed worldwide. This early ripening leafy vegetable is rich in bioactive components, fiber, micro and macro elements, vitamins, and has high antioxidant activity. Results of numerous studies on the effects of spinach on human health confirm its beneficial effect. The species S. oleracea L. is cultivated commercially. The ancestor of cultivated spinach is S. turkestanica Iljin, which has a breeding potential for different economically valuable traits. Its biochemical composition has been studied extremely little. The present article offers a comparative evaluation of the biochemical profile and antioxidant activity of cultivated and wild spinach species. The material for the study was a representative sample of 48 collection accessions of spinach from the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). The accessions were grown in 2019 and 2020 in the open ground of the Pushkin and Pavlovsk Laboratories of VIR. The antioxidant activity was studied spectrophotometrically by the DPPH assay of free radical scavenging at a wavelength of 515 nm. A significant similarity of the two species in most biochemical parameters was revealed, which confirms their phylogenetic relationship. Significant differences were found in the content of phenolic elements, which determine the elevated values of antioxidant and antiradical activity of S. turkestanica. The article presents correlation matrices of species biochemical composition, describes general trends, negative relationships and conjugated factors. The identified promising accessions of both cultivated and wild spinach are recommended for breeding for increased content of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and antioxidant activity. The result of the study helps to reveal the potential of the crop as a valuable source of bioactive components and high antioxidant activity.

The results of the selection work of the Primorsky vegetable experimental station, work in the field of seed production of vegetable crops are presented, the characteristics of the negative processes occurring in the arable soils of the region and their removal by the developed ridgeridge technology of cultivation by technical means with a wide base are given. A comparative characteristic of the former and the wide-row version in terms of energy consumption and fuel consumption is given
Authors´ Contribution: All authors contributed to the planning and setting up the experiment, as
well as in the analysis of experimental data and writing of the article.
Based on the results of the selection work of the Primorsky Vegetable Experimental Station for the period 1993-2023, the station bred and released 56 varieties and hybrids of 19 main vegetable crops. The experience of the Primorsky branch of the Federal scientific vegetable center allows organizing production at a modern level, taking into account the rich experience of other regions of Russia. In conditions of monsoon climate and soils of heavy granulometric composition, with a general lack of heat, their fertility is negatively affected by a large number of external factors. To grow vegetables, a set of measures is needed for serious drainage and irrigation reclamation (creation of polder systems with the laying of systematic plastic drainage) against the backdrop of ridge-ridge cultivation technology, fine irrigation system). The developed wide-cut technology and a set of machines make it possible to introduce a resource-saving technology that saves energy costs and fuel.

Relevance. Gender phytoregulators occupy an important place in the seed production of parental forms of cucumber, they allow you to shift the sex of the plant in the right direction, increase the intensity of selection, obtain purely female lines, and increase the efficiency of hybrid seed production.
Results. The paper presents the regulations for the use of Esfon on the breeding line ZhL 24, which is the mother form of the hybrid Rich garden F1. To obtain the maximum number of female flowers, without significant inhibition of vegetative growth, it is necessary to treat vegetative plants three times with an interval of 5 days, starting from the phase of the second true leaf, with a solution of Esfon (BP. 65%) at a concentration of 0.03% (300 mg/l) with the purpose of preventing closely related crosses and increasing the hybridity of seeds. This technique stimulates the earlier development of pistillate flowers, minimizes the formation of male flowering, increases the number of fruits per plant, their size and weight, which allows increasing the yield per unit area by 40%.

The comparative test of experimental F₁ tomato hybrids was conducted under conditions of two different types of low-volume technology (MPVI "Fitopiramida", technology of growing in mats with drip irrigation) in 2021. The conducted researches have shown that duration of interphase periods, level of yield and fruit quality depend on cultivation technology. According to the data obtained, in conditions of MPVI "Fitopiramida" all studied F₁ tomato hybrids enter fruiting faster and provide higher yield compared to the technology of growing in mats, but are inferior in average fruit weight, soluble dry matter content and taste qualities. As perspective F₁ tomato hybrids for "Fitopiramida" technology hybrids Ga62(2) and Ga21, submitted for registration to Gossortcommission, were identified. On low-volume technology in mats hybrid Ga27a showed the best result. A strong correlation was found between estimates of the signs "average fruit weight" (r = 0,93) and "soluble dry matter content" (r = 0,81). It is possible to conduct preliminary selections in conditions of low-volume technology in mats according to these signs. For the most reliable assessment and accurate selection of the most perspective tomato hybrids for "Fitopiramida" technology their testing on hydroponic installations is required.

Relevance and methodology. In order to determine the effect of near-ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 380 nm on the growth and development of a sugar beet hybrid plant, Smena was grown for 82 days under LED lighting with phytolamps and under conditions of increased UV-A intensity of the light range (an increase in the UV/PPFD ratio (0.027) compared with the control (0.0075) while maintaining the ratio of the remaining sites spectrum). The study was carried out on the basis of the digital software package "Synergotron" with a controlled internal environment.
Results. An increase in the share of UV-A in the illumination spectrum leads to a significant change in the biometric indicators of plants – the aboveground biomass increases by 2.2 times compared to the control, and the mass of the underground part (root crops), on the contrary, decreases by 86.9%. At the same time, the share of root crops in the total biomass of plants decreases from 60% in the control to 30%. The morphological structure of the leaf apparatus changes: the proportion of petioles increases significantly compared to leaf blades (64.8% of petioles in aboveground biomass, whereas in the control 30%). Probably, an increase in the share of UV-A in the spectrum can favorably affect the cultivation of leaf forms of beets and other root crops. UV-A radiation leads to a change in the chemical composition of root crops, in particular, a decrease in the accumulation of dry substances (by 1.58%) and a decrease in sugar content (by 1.8%). An increase in the proportion of UV-A in the irradiation spectrum changes the parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence and contributes to an increase in the maximum quantum yield of Fv/Fm, non-photosynthetic quenching of NPQ fluorescence and a decrease in the real quantum yield of photosynthesis Y(II), as well as the electron transport rate (ETR).

Relevance. Considering the regional peculiarities of the climate of Belarus in the cultivation of garlic, it is relevant to create varieties with high yields, environmental stability, winter hardiness and product quality in changing environmental conditions. The aim of the research is a comprehensive assessment of the genotypes of winter garlic according to the parameters of adaptability and the selection of the most stable samples among them.
Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the experimental field of the Department of Fruit and Vegetable Growing of the Belarusian State Agricultural Academy, Gorki, Mogilev region during 2018-2022. The objects were collectible samples of winter garlic of various ecological and geographical origin. Field and laboratory experiments were carried out using generally accepted methods and guidelines. Meteorological conditions during the years of research differed both in temperature indicators and the amount of precipitation, which contributed to an objective assessment of the studied samples according to a complex of economically useful signs and the determination of parameters of adaptive capacity and environmental stability.
Results. As a result a comprehensive assessment of the parameters of adaptive capacity and environmental stability of genotypes was given. The results of the data obtained when studying the reaction of genotypes to the medium showed that 44% (11) of the 25 genotypes were unstable with a positive reaction to the medium, and 56% (14) were stable. Studies have revealed diversity among genotypes in terms of the main parameters of adaptability, including SCGi. The analysis of the data obtained makes it possible to determine the common properties of genotypes with a high level of the SCGi parameter or the differences between them and other issues of the specificity of genotypes with a different combination of adaptability and stability parameters. The specificity consists in a combination of maximum values of the level of parameters Xi, OASi, CACi, with significant responsiveness to improving environmental conditions (bi) and average relative stability. A genotype with a low value of the SCGi parameter can be highly stable and serve as a source of this property. In the opposite case, it can be used as a parent form to transmit to the offspring the properties of productivity in combination with stability.

Relevance. One of the priority areas of research at Heterosis Selection LLC is the creation of varieties and the development of regional agricultural technology for growing seed material of flower crops. The article represents the results of the study of intravarietal variability according to 7 structural features of marigolds (Tagetes patula L.) cv. Elena Prekrasnaya under the conditions of the Southern Urals. To develop a methodology of seed production of marigolds in the conditions of the Southern Urals, it is necessary to study a complex of morphological features and identify those that more fully contribute to the preservation and maintenance of the variety.
Results. As a result of the study of intravarietal variability, it was found that the most stable traits of the variety of marigolds cv. Elena Prekrasnaya are the height of the plant, the diameter of the inflorescence, and the number of seeds in the inflorescence. Efficient selection when obtaining original seeds of marigolds cv. Elena Prekrasnaya will be when focusing on the signs of plant height and inflorescence diameter. In order to obtain high-quality seeds in the industrial seed production of marigold in the conditions of the Southern Urals, it should be kept in mind that in the period from August 20 to September 1, half of the potential seed yield ripens – 49.4%. The greatest uniformity of seed ripening (37.3% of the total yield) was noted on September 1. The harvesting of inflorescences during this period provided the production of seeds with high sowing qualities.

The article presents the results of experimental research on the search, study and use of qualitatively new traits of varieties and lines of sweet pepper that can complement the existing assortment of crops and ensure the import substitution of foreign varieties and hybrids in domestic vegetable seed production.
The purpose of the work. The aim of the research was to create new competitive varieties of sweet pepper to expand the range of crops in the framework of the development of domestic seed production.
Methods. Scientific breeding work on the research topic was carried out by the Department of Breeding and Seed Production of the VNIIOOB-branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "PAFSC RAS" in 2020-2022 as part of the implementation of the State task on the experimental field of the Institute (Kamyzyak, Astrakhan region) according to generally accepted methods. In the experiments, the zonal agrotechnology of crop cultivation, recommended for irrigated agriculture in the Lower Volga region, was used. The objects of research were 7 promising samples of sweet pepper. The zoned varieties of sweet pepper "Gift of Moldova" and "Gift of the Caspian" were used as a standard.
Results. The article presents the results of a study of economically valuable qualities and traits of breeding lines and new varieties of sweet pepper "Zarnitsa" and "Prince Caspian" VNIIOOB breeding. The sweet pepper variety Zarnitsa was created and entered in 2023 in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in the Russian Federation. Mid-season (118-120 days), characterized by early and amicable setting and ripening of fruits of an even, cone-shaped shape with a light green color in the technical and red in the biological phase of ripening. The average fruit weight is 150-160 g, fruit wall thickness is 0.5-0.6 cm, fruit yield is 55-60 t/ha, marketability is up to 93%. The sweet pepper variety Prince Caspian was created and submitted for state variety testing in 2022. Mid-season (120-125 days), prism-shaped fruits with green color in technical and red color in biological maturity. The average fruit weight is 175-180 g, the average fruit wall thickness is 0.7 cm, the average yield is 52-53 t/ha, the fruit marketability is up to 95%. As a result of the research, a promising breeding line SL - 154/20 with large cube-shaped fruits weighing 184 g and a wall thickness of up to 0.8 cm has been identified. Recommended for fresh consumption, canning and home cooking.
Conclusion. The introduction of new varieties of sweet pepper into production will contribute to import substitution and food independence of the state.

Relevance. In the arsenal of agents with antibacterial activity, a significant place belongs to preparations based on the raw materials of two types of Macleia - Macleaya x kevensis Turill. and Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R.Br. used both in medical and veterinary practice. It is possible to provide the domestic pharmaceutical industry with these medicinal raw materials in full through the development of methods for increasing yields and adapting Maclea to unstable environmental weather conditions.
Material and methods. Experiments to study the effect of the use of humates and microfertilizers on these indicators were laid in the fields of the North Caucasus branch of VILAR in 2019-2021. We studied the morphological and economically valuable traits of two species of Maclea, evaluated the growth rates of plants, the yield of raw materials, the content of alkaloids and their collection per hectare under optimal and dry weather conditions.
Results. Differences between the two types of Maclea are established in terms of morphological and economically valuable traits. Maclea heart-shaped palmate-lobed leaves are light green in color, the roots are vertical, round-cylindrical, reaching a depth of 50 cm or more, plant height is 300-350 cm. at a depth of 25-30 cm, plant height 200-250 cm. % versus 0.162-0.164% for the heart-shaped Maclea. The dependence of the growth, development and productivity of two types of Maclea on meteorological conditions has been established. Under the conditions of insufficient water supply and high temperatures, the loss of yield in the first year of vegetation in Macleaya cordata is 14%, in the second year - 6%, in Macleaya x kevensis - 21 and 12%, respectively. Foliar treatments with the Normat L complex with Ferovit in the first year of vegetation contributed to a decrease in crop losses and an increase in the yield of alkaloids per 1 hectare in both types of makley, in the second year, with these treatments, an increase in yield by 7-11% was observed, the collection of alkaloids per hectare increased by 14- 18%.

Relevance and methodology. Currently, due to changing weather conditions, the cultivation of melons and gourds is shifting to areas that were not previously engaged in melon growing. Therefore, the testing of available varieties in various environmental conditions is relevant. The purpose of this work is to evaluate melon varieties bred at the Bykovskaya melon breeding experimental station in various soil and climatic conditions. Three varieties of melon were used as the object of research. The tests were carried out in the conditions of the Volgograd region, the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Kazakhstan. During the research, the melon varieties were evaluated according to the following indicators: yield, duration of the growing season, dry matter content.
Results. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the variety Harmonia was the most stable in terms of the duration of the growing season (75-79 days). A consistently high content of dry matter in all areas of the study was in the varieties Comet and Idyll from 12.0 to 15.0%. All varieties had a good tasting score. The average fruit weight of all melon varieties grown in Krasnodar and the Volgograd region was at the same level. The high average weight in the conditions of Kazakhstan was distinguished by the Idyll variety - 4.3 kg. The melon varieties Harmoniya and Idyllia have a consistently high yield in all three zones. The variety Kometa had the highest yield in the conditions of Kazakhstan - 16.3 t/ha. Thus, melon varieties that have been tested in different regions of cultivation have high quality indicators and yields and are suitable for growing marketable products in the regions of the study.

Relevance. In connection with the introduction of various types of chelated microfertilizers into production, it is necessary to develop new elements of varietal technology for the cultivation of melons and gourds in order to obtain stable yields in the arid conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region. These studies will be relevant in this period of time.
Material and technique. The object of research is watermelon, variety Meteor. We studied the types and methods of using chelate microfertilizers: Helaton Extra, Chelate B, Chelate Fe. Fertilizers were used for soaking seeds before sowing and for foliar treatment of plants during the growing season.
Results. During the research period of 2019-2021, new forms of microfertilizers were studied. As a result of the research, new preparations for different methods of processing had a positive effect on the growth and development of table watermelon plants. The evaluation of the results obtained showed a positive effect of new microfertilizers on the germination energy and seed germination. The maximum growth of lashes was recorded when seeds were soaked before sowing: Helaton Extra preparation and foliar feeding of plants during the growing season with microfertilizer boron chelate. The best results of increasing the leaf surface were obtained in variants with the use of Helaton Extra microfertilizer for soaking seeds and treating plants on vegetative organs. Accordingly, the highest yield was obtained when using Helaton Extra fertilizer for seed treatment before sowing and spraying plants during the growing season. The output of marketable products was noted at a fairly high level. The average weight of the fetus in all studied variants ranged from 5.9 kg to 7.8 kg. The length of the growing season in all variants increased slightly. Comparative analysis of growth processes and productivity of watermelon variety Meteor when using new forms of water-soluble fertilizers for seed soaking and foliar treatment of plants showed greater efficiency from their use.

Relevance and methodology. This article presents the results of a study on the effect of growth regulators and water-soluble fertilizers on laboratory and field germination of pumpkin seeds of various types. The results of observations of the growth and development of seedlings and roots are presented. The research was carried out by laboratory and field experience. It is established that based on the analysis of the data obtained, it can be concluded that growth regulators have a significant effect on the laboratory and field germination of pumpkin seeds of various species. Treatment of pumpkin seeds with growth regulators and water-soluble fertilizers is one of the promising methods of preparation for sowing. Not only field germination depends on high-quality seeds, but also the density of standing plants, as well as growth, development and disease damage. The variety of active substances in the studied growth regulators have a positive effect on the embryo, activating the accelerated process of nutrient absorption, providing increased germination energy and seed growth strength. There are many requirements for seed material. Germination is the main sowing quality of seeds, it is the ability to give seedlings (in the laboratory) or (in the field) shoots for a certain period of time. Germination also depends on the conditions of storage and germination of seeds. Another important property is the germination energy, the seeds should sprout in a certain time. The higher the germination energy, the seeds are considered better.
Results. The use of various types of growth regulators in the technology of pumpkin cultivation, as studies show, is one of the promising agrotechnical measures. The best result when soaking pumpkin seeds of large-fruited pumpkin, in laboratory conditions, was achieved in variants with the use of growth regulators Vigor Forte- 98% and Phytozont – 95%. When soaking nutmeg pumpkin seeds, the best option was also shown by Vigor Forte and Phytozont – 95%.

Relevance. Currently, the relevance of studying to identify the ability of many micromycetes to synthesize phytotoxic substances that reduce seed germination and lead to huge losses in the yield of strategic agricultural crops is increasing. To solve the problem, the development of new methodological approaches is required, which is significant for immunologists and phytopathologists.
The purpose of this work is to determine the phytotoxic activity of micromycete strains from the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Bipolaris, parasitizing on all agricultural crops cultivated in Russia.
Materials and methods. The strains, the methods of their cultivation, the bioassay method were used, and the statistical processing of the results obtained was carried out. A modification of some methodological approaches for assessing the phytotoxicity of micromycetes has been carried out. The selection of representative concentrations of culture fluid filtrates (FCF) of strains for phytotoxicity evaluation was carried out.
Results. A correlation was established for all variants of the experiment between two independent parameters: the development parameters of wheat seedlings and the concentration of cultural liquid filtrates. New results have been obtained on the study of the phytotoxic activity of 70 strains of hemibiotrophic micromycetes and the optimal concentrations of fungal FAs for classifying fungal strains into toxicity groups have been established. The most variable toxicity values were found when using a 40% solution of FCL. It was shown that, under these conditions, fungal strains can be divided according to the degree of toxicity into significantly different groups. This circumstance is an important reason for including strains of micromycetes with certain toxicity properties in the State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms. Fungal strains are necessary and appropriate for use in breeding to create resistant and tolerant varieties to phytopathogens from the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Bipolaris.
Conclusion. New methodological approaches have confirmed that the most variable toxicity values were found with the use of FCF in a ratio of 2:3. This concentration of FCF strains are divided into 4 groups with characteristic differences in the degree of toxicity, which is an important reason for including such strains of micromycetes in the State Collection of Phytopathogenic Microorganisms and will be further used in breeding to create resistant and tolerant varieties of agricultural crops.

Methodology. The purpose of the research: to study the yield and quality of tubers of early ripe potato varieties Charoit and Meteor in organic farming in the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. Studies were carried out in 2019- 2022 on the experimental field of the Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University. The soil of chernozem is leached, heavily carbonaceous in grain size distribution, medium provided with nitrogen and phosphorus, good – potassium, pH – 6.7 humus content – 7.2%. The content of trace elements in the soil is satisfactory. The precursor is spring wheat + rape per siderate. The green mass of the sideral culture (170 c/ha) was smelled on the fifth of October. In the spring, harrowing was carried out in order to retain moisture in the soil, then at a temperature of + 10…+12°C at a depth of 10-12 cm, milling, cutting of ridges and planting with sprouted tubers were carried out. The landing scheme is 75x30 cm, the plot area is 50 m², the accounting one is 30 m², the repetition is four times, the location of the plots is rendered. Prior to planting, tubers were treated with Taboo, 1 L/t and growth bioregulator Rostock, 0.5 L/t, and plants were treated with Immunocytophyte, 0.5 g/ha during the budding phase. Mineral fertilizers were not contributed. Caring for potato plantings included two interrow treatments and sinking.
Results. It was established that in potato crop rotation with the annual use of sideral fertilizers, the yield of the noted varieties averaged 21.7-22.0 t/ha over four years, or 1.1-1.4 t/ha higher than the Zhukovsky early standard. The yield was combined with high quality tubers: starch content 13.9-14.6%, vitamin "C" 15.6-16.4 mg/%, nitrates – 59-81 mg/100 g, taste rating – 4.1-4.3 points.