Relevance. The relevance of accelerating root crop breeding is dictated by two global challenges: the need to ensure food security for a growing population in conditions of limited resources and the inability of classical methods, characterized by their duration and complexity, to respond promptly to them. The inte gration of biotechnologies into the breeding process makes it possible to dramatically accelerate the achievement of breeding goals.

   Materials and Methods. Prospective cultivars of vegetable root crops selected by the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center were used as plant material. Buds were selected from donor plants grown both in a polycarbonate greenhouse and in a climate chamber from vernalized root crops. The research used generally accepted methods of in vitro cell and tissue cultivation according to protocols developed at the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center for the culture of unpollinated ovules, culture of isolated microspores in vitro, embryo rescue technology, and clonal micropropagation of root crops.

   Results. The efficiency of obtaining lines of doubled haploids (DH-lines) using cultures of isolated microspores and pollinated ovules in vitro is shown, and the possibilities of using microclonal reproduction and "embryo rescue" technologies in the breeding process are considered. For beetroot, the yield of up to 25 embryoids has been achieved, and for carrot, up to 55 embryoids per 100 in vitro unpollinated ovules introduced into culture. By the use of a culture of isolated microspores from representatives of Brassicaceae family for radishes, the maximum efficiency of the technology was 8 embryoids per Petri dish, 53 embryoids for turnips, 161 embryoids for carrots, and 20 embryoids for parsnips. Interspecific hybrids between white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) and keel-resistant daikon (Raphanus sativus L.), as well as interspecific hybrids from crossing white cabbage with turnips (♀ B. oleraceae L.× ♂ B. rapa), were obtained using the "embryo rescue" technology. The method of clonal micropropagation has been optimized for radishes, beets and carrots, including for lines with male sterility. The practical result of the research was the creation and registration of new varieties and DH-lines: Sonata table carrots, radishes (Zhegalov, Venya, Persey), and obtaining a patent for invention No. 2807444 "Microspore isolation method for obtaining doubled haploids of the Brassicaceae family in microspore culture in vitro."

   Conclusion. The paper presents the results of the application of modern biotechnological methods in vitro to accelerate the breeding process of vegetable root crops of the Amaranthaceae Juss family. (red beet), Apiaceae Lindl. (carrots, parsnips), Brassicaceae Burn. (radish, daikon, turnip). The time frame for the creation of varieties and hybrids of root crops can be significantly reduced by introducing biotechnological methods into the breeding process with the close cooperation of biotechnologists and breeders.

   Relevance. Capsicum annuum L. are grown on an industrial scale in the south of the Russian Federation. In recent years, there has been an increase in the area under this crop, and there is a growing need for new hybrids for open field use that are more resistant to stress and have high-quality products. One of the most important stages of breeding is environmental testing, which allows for the determination of the adaptability of a breeding achievement to the conditions of a particular region.

   The Aim of the Research. Conduct an environmental test of sweet pepper hybrids bred by the FSBSI FSVC with different fruit shapes.

   Materials and Methods. Research on the variety testing of 6 F₁ sweet pepper hybrids bred by the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center was carried out in 2021 on experimental plots in three ecological and geographical zones of Russia: the “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea" (Republic of Crimea), the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (Moscow Region), and the Laboratory of Northern Vegetable Growing – branch of the FSBSI FSVC (Kirov Region). The observation and statistical processing of the materials were carried out according to generally accepted methods.

   Results. In the ecological point of the Moscow region, conditions are formed that are most favorable for identifying stable hybrids, propagating constant forms, and conducting ecological variety testing for adaptability in terms of yield at the final stages of breeding (d_k = 1.74; t_k = 0.50; S_ek = 20.65). According to the interphase period "shoots-technical ripeness", fruit weight, pericarp thickness, the tested regions were characterized by average productivity values (d_k=1.57-4.84), average relative stability (S_ek = 14.23-17.21), high typicity (t_k = 0.71-0.95), which makes it possible to conduct ecological testing of hybrids at the final stages. stages of breeding for adaptability and resistance to low positive temperatures (Kirov and Moscow regions), as well as high temperatures and drought (Republic of Crimea). Evaluation of a set of economically valuable traits allowed us to select an early-ripening hybrid with a cone-shaped fruit, VS-12-21 F₁, with the highest yield values when grown in the Moscow region.

   Relevance. Progress in plant molecular genetics and multi-omics technology is driven by advancements in high-throughput sequencing, chromosome scaffold genome assembly, bioinformatics skills and genome editing which deepen our understanding of plant biology and improve crop breeding. The fundamentals of plant breeding involve recombination as a key genetic process to create new, superior plant varieties with desirable traits like higher yield, improved quality, and resistance to pests and diseases. Modern computational methodologies facilitate the effective synthesis and interpretation of multi-omics data. Challenges remain in applying new techniques to a wider range of crops.

   The aim of this review is to draw the attention of plant breeders to the latest advances in molecular genetics and omics technologies for improving plant breeding.

   Results. This review examines recently published articles in high-ranking international journals that make important contributions to expanding and refining our knowledge and significantly advance cutting-edge research. The review includes articles on the successful application of multi-omics to plant breeding, which yielded promising results in identifying key genes and regulatory elements underlying stress tolerance, crop yield, and seed production. A detailed analysis of the development of markers for types of cytoplasmic male sterility based on high-resolution melting (HRM) is given. This review highlights original experimental approaches aimed at studying the control of recombination localization for the successful introgression of valuable genes in interspecific hybridization programs.

   Conclusion. The strategy for the further development of plant breeding will focus on integrating omics technologies, genome editing, and artificial intelligence in bioinformatics. Moreover, the integration of genome editing and an in-depth study of meiotic recombination could facilitate crossovers at target sites within gametes. All efforts to improve the accuracy and speed of plant breeding serve the main goal of ensuring the abundance and diversity of plant foods.

   Relevance. Doubled haploid (DH) technology enables accelerated breeding of homozygous lines in white cabbage; however, its efficiency is limited by genotype dependency. Optimizing culture conditions, including the use of a shaker platform, may enhance embryoid yield and regeneration potential.

   Methodology. We studied three white cabbage genotypes (No. 2502, 2503, and 2504). Microspores were cultured under both static and shaking conditions (40-50 rpm) for 30 days. On day 30, we assessed the developmental stages of the embryoids. After that, the embryoids were transferred to a regeneration medium and, after three months, we recorded successful regeneration into fully developed plants.

   Results. Shaker culture significantly increased the proportion of cotyledonary-stage embryoids (up to 81.7 % in genotype 2502) and reduced the frequency of abnormalities (down to 0 % in genotype 2503). Overall embryoid regeneration capacity under shaker conditions was 30.5 ± 5.4 %, compared to 19.2 ± 2.8 % under static conditions. Cotyledonary embryoids produced on the shaker showed the highest regeneration efficiency (36.5 %). These findings support the implementation of shaker-based culture in DH protocols for white cabbage to improve overall efficiency.

   Relevance. The biotechnological method of the anther culture in vitro allows to obtain pure lines in a short time and thereby to reduce the selection period. The response of the rice hybrids Oryza sativa L. to the anther culture is genetically determined and differs at different stages of in vitro cultivation. The growth regulators auxins and cytokinins are the factors inducing somatic embryogenesis. In this regard, in addition to selecting genotypes that respond well to in vitro culture, it is necessary to use plant growth regulators that increase the induction of embryoidogenesis and plant regeneration during the cultivation of rice anthers.

   The aim of the study. To study the effect of genotype, plant growth regulators and additional stimulator AgNO₃ on the induction of callusogenesis, embryoidogenesis and regeneration of green rice plants in the culture of anthers in vitro of rice hybrids and to optimize their concentrations in relation to the studied genotypes.

   Methodology. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of biotechnology and molecular biology of the "FSC of rice" according to the generally accepted in vitro method of Butenko R.G. (1990). The study
used F_1-3 rice hybrids.

   Conclusion. A statistically significant effect of the interaction between genotype, concentration, and type of plant hormones in the in vitro culture of rice anthers was revealed. It was found that the response of genotypes to successful shoot regeneration under in vitro conditions is determined by the combination and concentrations of exogenous and endogenous hormones, and differences in shoot regeneration among different genotypes under different hormone concentrations and additives may be related to the quality of the callus. Effective concentrations of auxins, cytokinins, and an additional growth stimulant were selected to accelerate the selection process.

   Relevance. In the global crop production, white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops. One of the priorities of domestic cabbage crop breeding is the creation of highly productive hybrids. The most time-consuming and lengthy stage in this process is the creation of constant parent lines.

   The purpose of this review was a systematic analysis of scientific publications devoted to the process of transition from the vegetative to the generative phase of development in representatives of the Cabbage family (Brassicaceae).

   Results. In traditional breeding, inbred lines of white cabbage are obtained through forced self-pollination for 6-12 generations. The use of the biotechnological method of culture of isolated microspores in vitro ensures the achievement of complete homozygosity of the genome during one generative cycle and contributes to the expansion of the spectrum of formation of genetic recombinant forms, including those with recessive traits. Also, in combination with the technology of obtaining doubled haploids and genomic approaches such as marker breeding, genomic selection and genome editing, "Speed Breeding" allows to increase the efficiency of breeding by reducing the breeding cycle time, providing early phenotypic assessment, efficient use of resources, increasing the accuracy of selection and genetic progress. Despite the advantages of biotechnological methods, the use of double haploid (DH) lines is associated with a number of practical difficulties, in particular, concerning the reproduction of the obtained plants. An additional problem is the lack of flowering in some DH plants after undergoing vernalization, which may be due to a number of reasons: unsuitable vernalization conditions for specific lines. There are also plants with normal vegetative development, which, nevertheless, do not set seeds.

   Conclusion. As a result of the conducted review of world and domestic practice, important stages of vernalization have been studied: temperature, duration, lighting, and stages of plant development. This knowledge will make it possible to increase the percentage of plants passing into the reproductive stage of development.

   Relevance. The infection of Solanum lycopersicum L. by Alternaria, caused by micromycetes of the genus Alternaria, is consistently harmful in the monsoon climate of Primorsky Krai. Seasons with abnormally high rainfall levels trigger the development of epiphytotics, resulting in annual crop losses exceeding 30 % and reaching 80 % in susceptible varieties and hybrids. Due to climate change and the increasing aggressiveness of new pathogen races, the search for sources of resistance for breeding remains relevant.

   The purpose. of this work is to create and evaluate a new source material that is adapted to a high back-ground of Alternaria infection and has a different combination of other selection traits.

   Material and Methods. The work was carried out in 2020–2025 on the experimental field of the Primorskaya Vegetable Experimental Station – a branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center on meadow-brown soils with a heavy mechanical composition. 23 tomato lines were studied, obtained by successive selections from the splitting offspring of F_2-4 hybrid combinations of Ottawa 30 (line L8) with parental determinate lines (L3-L7), created on the basis of the best varieties of breeding of FSBSI FSVC, combining the variety in the mass, shape and color of the fruit. The cultivation technology is the generally accepted for Primorsky Krai. During the vegetation period, phenological observations, phytopathological assessment of the records of the manifestation of target features were carried out.

   Results. Testing of the created tomato lines allowed to differentiate them by breeding value as a source material for different directions of breeding. Five lines were selected as a promising source material for breeding for resistance to alternaria: GK-68/20/26, GK-87/13/14, GK-48/1/1,GK-48/1/2 and GK-85/3/3. The GK-85/3/1, GK-86/1/1, and GK-87/1/1 lines can serve as sources of a combination of traits such as productivity, large fruit size, and high fruit quality. The introduction of this new material into breeding practices will allow for the creation of competitive varieties and hybrids that are resistant to Alternaria, minimizing the dependence of agricultural technologies on repeated chemical treatments, reducing product losses, and ensuring sustainable production of tomatoes that meet market requirements for both productivity and nutritional value.

   Relevance. Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo) is a variety of hard-shelled pumpkin in the Cucurbitaceae family. It is one of the most common crops in the family. It is characterized by early crop formation, valuable dietary properties, and high yields, and is an integral part of the diet of the population of the Russian Federation. Cucurbita pepo L. is vulnerable to infections, but is responsive to growth regulators and various types of fertilizers, including biological ones. Studying the effects of biological pesticides on the growth and biochemical characteristics of zucchini is important for improving eco-technologies for its cultivation in various natural and climatic conditions.

   The aim of this study is to study the effects of growth regulators and biofungicides to substantiate elements of open-field zucchini cultivation technology in the Non-Chernozem Zone of the Russian Federation.

   Materials and Methods. The work was conducted in the Moscow Region at the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center experimental field from 2023 to 2024 on sod-podzolic heavy loam soils. The effects of growth regulators Micromix and BIS, and biofungicides Gliocladin, Fitosporin M, and Tridem on the biochemical parameters and fruit yield of two Cucurbita pepo L varieties (Faraon and Yakor) were studied.

   Results. Variety-specific responses of zucchini plants to the applied treatments were identified. For the Yakor variety, the greatest yield increase was achieved with the use of biofungicides Gliocladin and Tridem, based on soil fungi of the genus Trichoderma, while for the Faraon variety, the greatest impact was achieved with the use of the growth regulator BIS and the biofungicide Tridem. An increase in fruit dry matter content was observed with presowing seed treatment of both BIS varieties, while pre-sowing seed treatment of the Pharaoh variety with the biofungicide Fitosporin M influenced sugar accumulation in the fruit. Ascorbic acid accumulation in the Pharaoh zucchini fruit was promoted by soil treatment with the biofungicides Gliokladin and Tridem.

   Conclusions. Integrating biopreparations into zucchini cultivation technology can increase yields and improve fruit biochemical parameters. The greatest effect is achieved with a well-founded selection of growth regulators and biofungicides for a specific variety, opening up prospects for the development of eco-technologies for cultivating new zucchini varieties and hybrids in open ground in the Non-Chernozem Zone of the Russian Federation.

   Relevance. Currently, citrus crops occupy a leading position in the world in terms of production. An alternative to industrial cultivation of citrus fruits in open ground can be intensive cultivation technologies in protected ground, for which it is important to develop methods for accelerated production of planting material.

   Therefore, the aim of our research was to identify the optimal components of the mixture of IBA and IAA wetting powder for the accelerated propagation of green cuttings of promising citrus rootstocks grown year-round in protected ground conditions.

   Methods. Green cuttings of citrus rootstocks citrumelo (C. trifoliate (L.) Raf × C. paradise Mcf), citrus volkameriana (C. volkameriana Ten. & Pasq), and citrus macrophylla (C. macrophylla Wester) were treated with experimental mixtures of root formation stimulants IBA (indolyl-3-butyric acid) and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) corresponding to the experimental variants ( IBA 0.5 % (control); IAA 1.0 %; IBA 0.5 % + IAA 0.5 %; IBA 0.5% + IAA 1.0 %; IBA 1.0 % + IAA 0.5 %; IBA 1.0 % + IAA 1.0 %) and planted in cassettes with substrate, after which they were rooted in a film tunnel with a fogging unit, at a humidity of 85-90 % and a temperature of +20...+25 °C.

   Results. During propagation of the rootstocks under study, a species-specific reaction to the techniques being developed was observed. For the treatment of green cuttings before planting for rooting, it is effective to use a wettable powder with different component compositions of IBA and IAA for each rootstock: for C. trifoliata × C. paradisi, a mixture of IBA 1.0 % + IAA 1.0 %; C. volkameriana – a mixture of IBA 1.0 % + IAA 0.5 %, for C. macrophylla a mixture of IBA 0.5 % + IAA 0.5 %.

   Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, the use of optimal components of the composition allows not only to achieve maximum rooting rates of green cuttings (66.7-100 %), but also to obtain reliable differences in the number and total length of roots.

   Relevance. To achieve the required level of self-sufficiency in vegetable products, it is necessary to provide their producers with appropriate technical and technological support. To solve this problem, it is necessary to introduce innovative technologies for the production of vegetable products, as well as to provide the necessary amount of modern high-performance machinery and equipment. Of particular importance is the mechanization of breeding research with tomatoes. increasing the efficiency of tomato seed selection by improving technical solutions and design features of the machine, aimed at reducing the energy intensity of the process and increasing productivity.

   Material and Methodology. A machine for separating seeds from selection lots of tomatoes, comprising a frame, an electric motor, a V-belt drive, a hopper, a shaft, auger, beaters, a sieve, a casing, a shield, a collector, a tray of separator sections and a seed extractor. The separator and seed extractor sections are mounted on a common frame and are equipped with drives for the drive shafts via a V-belt drive from one electric motor. To regulate the efficiency of the machine, a propeller is installed behind the separator auger at an angle β, followed by two pairs of successively arranged flail bars with fixed advance angles α₁ and α₂. The seed extractor has a cylindrical auger on the drive shaft and four flails installed in pairs with the ability to regulate the advance angle α₃. For theoretical studies, an equivalent-force diagram of the auger of the receiving chamber of the machine for separating seeds from fruits of tomato selection lots was developed to determine the cutting force of the auger edge with intermittent turns of cutting tomato fruits by the auger edge and theoretical developments were taken into account to substantiate the design and operating parameters of a chopper with a zigzag arrangement of knives in the cutting apparatus.

   Results. It is shown that the calculated cutting force of tomato fruits by the loading auger of the separator of the machine for extracting seeds from breeding lots depends on the state of the edges of the turns. With cut segments on the turns in the considered range of strength characteristics of the tomato skin, it is lower than with solid ones. With cut segments, it changes from 55 N to 200 N, and with solid ones from 80 N to 280 N, which on average shows a decrease of 30 %. The values of the free fall height of tomatoes from the hopper onto the auger with a solid edge and the proposed cut segments are given to optimize the efficiency of the machine for extracting tomato seeds in a continuous mode.

   Relevance. The growing demand for food in the context of shrinking water resources necessitates the introduction of resource-saving technologies in agriculture. In the Central district of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia under open ground conditions, where an increase in air temperature is accompanied by a decrease in precipitation during the tomato vegetation period, the use of drip irrigation and fertilizers becomes a critically important element of the cultivation technology. Drip irrigation is a promising technology that allows significant water savings (30-70 %) and increases yield (20-90 %). Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops of global significance, demanding in terms of water and nutrient regimes. However, the potential of combining drip irrigation with the application of ApaSil (registration number – 445-10-3473-1) and Apaliqua LCF (registration number – 312-10-1656-1) preparations to increase tomato productivity in the open ground of the Central district of the Non-Chernozem zone of Moscow Region has not been studied.

   Materials and Methods. The research was conducted in 2020-2023 in open ground at the experimental plot of FSBSI FSVC. The objects of the study were cultivars of cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. from the collection of the laboratory of breeding and seed production of solanaceous crops of FSBSI FSVC: Magnat, Blagodatny, Gnom.

   Results. The highest fruit weight for the cultivars: Magnat 195.4 g (+10 % to control), Blagodatny – 116.4g (+19.3 %), Gnom - 59.3g (+10.3 %), was obtained with the combined application of ApaSil (400 g/ha) and Apaliqua LCF (40 l/ha) preparations. The yield with the same treatment increased to 74.3 t/ha (Magnat, +26.8 %), 88.1 t/ha (Blagodatny, +27.4 %) and 67.1 t/ha (Gnom, +18.2 %). The combined use of the preparations was more effective than their separate application.

   Conclusion. Analysis of the data showed that foliar fertilizing with ApaSil (400 g/ha) and Apaliqua LCF (40 l/ha) under drip irrigation effectively increases tomato productivity in the open ground of the Central district of the Non-Chernozem zone.

   Relevance. This review examines the comprehensive application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in vegetable growing. Various aspects of their use are highlighted, from improving seed germination and stimulating vegetative growth to protecting plants under adverse conditions.

   Results. A unique feature of these nanomaterials is their ability to intelligently transport active substances. They precisely deliver fertilizers and pesticides directly to the plant, releasing them at the right time. This approach allows for the creation of an ideal plant nutrition system, which significantly improves plant development, increases yield, and enhances product quality. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms by which CNTs influence plant cells, including direct interactions with biomolecules and indirect influences through the regulation of oxidative processes.

   Conclusion. The potential for using CNTs to improve water use efficiency in arid regions is highlighted. In the presence of excess salts, nanotubes demonstrate their protective properties: they accumulate in plant tissues and enhance the functioning of aquaporins. This promotes more efficient water absorption and transport, reducing the negative impact of salt stress on plants. The current challenges and potential development areas of this technology in vegetable growing are also discussed.

   Relevance. Peas are an important element of dietary nutrition in the Russian Federation due to the content of vitamins, microelements and essential amino acids. For the conditions of the Omsk region, which is a zone of risky farming due to unpredictable weather conditions, it is necessary to create ecologically flexible varieties that would ensure high productivity in favorable cultivation conditions and not significantly reduce it in stressful ones.

   The purpose of our research is to assess the ecological plasticity and stability of samples of peas based on productivity traits in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region.

   Material and Methodology. The research material was 65 samples of the international collection of genetic resources. The research was conducted over five years from 2018 to 2022 in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region. The records were kept in accordance with the "Methodological guidelines for studying the collection of grain legume crops". The calculation of ecological plasticity was carried out according to the method of S.A. Eberhart and V.A. Russell as presented by V.A. Zykin.

   Results. The studies have established that the greatest influence on the formation of the thousand-seed weight and the number of seeds in a pod was exerted by the genotype (from 57 to 60 %), however, in terms of seed weight per plant, growing conditions had a greater influence (69 %), which indicates greater plasticity of this trait in the conditions of Western Siberia and makes it possible to isolate valuable genotypes for breeding programs. Calculation of the ecological plasticity parameters made it possible to select vegetable pea samples characterized by high ecological plasticity and responsiveness to growing conditions: by seed weight per plant – Triumph; by thousand-seed weight – Triumph and Sovinter; by the number of seeds in a pod – Triumph, Darunok and Premium. The samples demonstrating stable productivity were selected, which is a specific response of the genotype to changing environmental conditions: by seed weight per plant – Sovinter, Premium, Neistoshimiy 195; by weight of 1000 seeds – Premium with large seeds, Neistoshimy 195 and Darunok with medium-sized seeds; by number of seeds in a pod – Sovinter.

   Relevance. Soil pathogens can cause serious damage to plants and lead to crop losses. The formation of microbial communities in the rhizosphere is determined by the choice of host plants; the microbiota, its composition, and activity are largely determined by a complex system of microbial-plant interactions, where the individual characteristics of plants and their root secretions play a major role in the formation of the pathogenic pool. Until now, the rhizosphere of Allium crops has not been studied to a large extent, so research in the field of studying microbial diversity when growing vari-
ous species and varieties of this species is important for identifying resistant ones and obtaining material for further genetic research to search for genes of resistance to various diseases.

   Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at VNIIO – a branch of the branch of the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Vegetable Center". 13 species of the genus Allium from the VNIIO collection were studied. The phytopathogenic background of the rhizosphere zone during onion cultivation was assessed in the middle of the growing season using soil microbiology methods.

   Results. Of the 13 Allium species studied, only A. galanthum had no background of pathogenic micromycetes, so the species may be promising for searching for genes of resistance to pathogenic micromycetes. A. galanthum is an important wild edible plant species that plays an important role in food security and cultivation of onions (A. cepa). A. schoenoprasum, A. altyncolicum and A. sibphorpianum showed a high level of resistance to bacterial infections, which may be important for searching for the corresponding resistance genes. The rhizosphere zone under the onions A. fistulosum, A. pskemense, A. tuberosum had the largest number and biodiversity of pathogenic microbiota. The technologies for their cultivation should include measures to protect against diseases, including the treatment (disinfection) of seeds, soil and vegetative plants.

   Conclusions. A. galanthum may be promising for searching for genes of resistance to fungal diseases of onion. A. schoenoprasum, A. altyncolicum and A. sibphorpianum are resistant to bacterial infections, which can also be used to search for the corresponding resistance genes. The species A. fistulosum, A. pskemense, A. tuberosum were characterized by the least resistance to diseases.

   Relevance. The development of bacterial diseases and their severity are determined by the complex interaction between the pathogen, the host plant genotype, and environmental conditions. Light is a key abiotic factor that modulates both physiological processes during etiolation (in darkness) and photomorphogenesis (in light), as well as the pathogenesis process. Furthermore, the use of etiolated seedlings allows for the identification of the specific virulence expression of pathogens, which may be masked or compensated for under light conditions.

   The aim of this study was to comprehensively assess the influence of different types of pathogenic bacteria on the morphophysiological parameters of bean seedlings, depending on the cultivar genotype and lighting conditions.

   Methodology. Bean varieties with varying field resistance to bacterial diseases were used in the study: Lika, Si Bemol (SBM), and Rant. At the radicle emergence stage, seedlings were inoculated with suspensions of four species of phytopathogenic bacteria: Dickeya chrysanthemi (Dc), Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens (Cf), Pseudomonas syringae (Ps), and Xanthomonas phaseoli (Xp). The control was sterile water. After inoculation, seedlings were grown in plastic containers with sterile perlite under two conditions: a 16-hour photoperiod and complete darkness. Stem and root system length, primordial leaf area, and plant fresh weight were measured after 7 and 14 days, and the types of disease symptoms and their severity were recorded.

   Results and Conclusions. The analysis of the influence of phytopathogenic bacteria on the morphogenesis of bean seedlings confirmed that the observed effects are non-linear and determined by the specific combination of factors in the "plant-pathogen-light" triad. The cultivar-specific action on seedling growth processes indicates the leading role of genotype in resistance to bacterial invasion. In this context, growth parameters can serve as early indicators of the development of the infectious process. The most prognostically valuable indicators are plant mass and the area of primordial leaves. Each bacterial species formed a characteristic symptom complex: Ps exhibited a necrotic-toxic type of pathogenesis with the formation of localized necrosis and the ability to induce chlorosis; Xp showed pronounced variability in symptomatology depending on the host genotype, manifesting as depression of root system development and vascular disorders with the formation of vein necrosis; Cf displayed moderate aggressiveness and the ability to induce compensatory reactions in tolerant genotypes with elements of growth stimulation; and Dc exhibited properties of an aggressive vascular polyphage with pronounced tropism towards apical meristems and young leaves, causing wilting and rot of the apex of etiolated bean seedlings. The modulating role of the light regime involved the differentiation of "pathogen x plant" interaction strategies: induction of compensatory reactions under light in the tolerant cultivar 'Lika', growth inhibition and potentiation of symptoms in the dark in the susceptible cultivar 'Rant'; and light-dependent, divergent effects in the moderately susceptible cultivar 'Ci Bemol'. The identified group resistance to bacterial diseases makes the 'Lika' cultivar promising for use in breeding programs for immunity.

   Relevance. The analysis of domestic and foreign literature has demonstrated the wide distribution and harmfulness of Erwinia amylovora (Burrill.) Winslow et al., the causative agent of fire blight of fruit crops, including apple trees. The disease causes significant damage to agricultural production.

   Results. To date, the disease has been identified in more than 50 countries worldwide. The pathogen affects about 200 species of the Rosaceae family, causing drying out of individual organs followed by death of the entire plant. The high level of virulence of the bacterium is provided by a number of physiological features. E. amylovora is equipped with a secretion system of type III effector proteins, which allows it to deliver them directly to the host cell. Also, the production of exopolysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, cell motility and other properties help the bacterium to colonize host plants. The ability to control these virulence factors will reduce the ability of the bacterium to cause fire blight on fruit crops. From this point of view, disease control methods based on creating conditions for incompatible interactions between the host plant and the pathogen are promising. This approach is based on an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of E. amylovora pathogenesis. In this regard, information is needed on the virulence factors of the bacterium and the features of the plant immune response responsible for establishing the relationship between the parasite and the host.

   Conclusion. This review contains material on a number of areas related to the causative agent of fire blight of fruit crops E. amylovora. The issues of the geographical distribution of the bacterium are covered; the range of host plants is determined; the biological characteristics of E. amylovora are given; the symptoms of the disease it causes are described; virulence factors that are most significant for ensuring plant protection from the disease under study are identified. Theoretical and practical achievements in the field of genetics, molecular biology, plant physiology, and microbiology are considered, which are of great importance for the integration of modern biotechnologies in order to increase the effectiveness of fight against fire blight of fruit crops.

   Relevance. Late blight is a disease associated with significant economic losses in potatoes. Losses from this disease in Russia average over 4 million tons annually. The optimal strategy for containing and combating the spread of the pathogen is the development of resistant potato varieties carrying one or more Rpi genes combined with a high level of horizontal resistance.

   The aim of research. To identify late blight-resistant genotypes among hybrids of different genetic origins and correlate their resistance level with the presence of Rpi genes.

   Materials and methods. The study involved potato hybrids of different genetic origins, selected for their agronomic and biological traits from 45 crosses. Resistance to late blight was assessed using a laboratory method, artificially infecting leaves and tubers. The presence of molecular markers was assessed using PCR methods using previously published SCAR markers for five Rpi genes (R1, R2, R3a, R3b, and Rpi-blb1 = Rpi-sto1).

   Results. The screening identified 24 hybrids with high and very high foliar resistance, most of which carried at least one Rpi gene. The R2 gene was predominant among the very highly resistant and resistant samples. The R1 gene was more common in the group of hybrids with moderate resistance and without leaf resistance. Tuber resistance level does not depend on the number and combination of Rpi genes and is likely controlled by a different set of genes. These results reflect the complexity of genotype-phenotype interactions in the potato plant-Phytophthora infestans system. To increase the efficiency of using molecular markers in breeding for the production and selection of late blight-resistant potato genotypes, it is necessary to expand the range of tested markers of known R-genes and conduct an analysis of the original parental forms, on the basis of which to evaluate the hybrid offspring.

   Relevance. Anthracnose is a harmful fungal disease for strawberries. In many countries, this pathogen is included in the list of quarantine objects. A good way to create new anthracnose resistant cultivars is to join forces of traditional breeding to assess and select resistant forms in conditions of infectious back-ground with the opportunities of marker-associated selection.

   Material and Methods. The object of the research – 197 strawberry cultivars of various origins. The subject of the research is the resistance to anthracnose. The assessment was carried out in conditions of natural infectious background in open field. We used molecular genetic methods of DNA extraction, PCR analysis, and assessment of amplification products in agarose gel. The experimental data were processed using cluster analysis.

   Results. All cultivars were divided into 5 clusters according to the results of the assessment on the natural infectious background. The second cluster had a damage score of less than 1 and united 82 relatively resistant cultivars. They can be recommended as sources of valuable traits for anthracnose resistance breeding. The first and fifth clusters united unstable varieties with a damage score of 3 and higher, which included 20 and 21 varieties, respectively. The third and fourth clusters united moderately resistant varieties with a damage score higher than 1 and less than 3, which included 43 and 31 varieties, respectively. The results of DNA-analysis showed the presence of PCR products for both markers (STSRca2_240 and STS-Rca2_417) in 15,2 % of the studied strawberry cultivars, including the Tatius and Tarro, which were created at the Department of Horticulture, Belarusian State Agricultural Academy. Additionally, 11,7 % of the cultivars had fragment of the STSRca2_240 marker. The largest number of samples (53,8 %) were characterized by the manifestation of the STS-Rca2_417 marker. In the remaining cultivars, these markers did not appear. Taking into account the obtained results, it cannot be stated that the presence of both assessed markers in the strawberry sample genome provides resistance to anthracnose.

   Relevance. LED lighting enables targeted control of primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, enhancing the nutritional and pharmacological value of plants. Basil is a valuable essential-oil crop rich in bioactive compounds. However, the regulation of LED spectral composition for directed stimulation of growth and biosynthesis of specific components remains underexplored.

   Materials and Methods. The effects of four LED regimes (Blue:White:Red:Deep Pink, %: 25:70:25:25; 50:80:25:50; 50:60:50:25; 50:70:25:25; photon flux density 126–149 µmol/0.5 m²/s) were studied on basil chemotypes: “citral” (O. × citriodorum Vis. Kapriz), “linalool” (Ocimum basilicum L. Luchano), “methyl cinnamate” (Ocimum basilicum L. № 232/21). Chlorophylls, carotenoids, phenolic compounds (PC), and flavonols were quantified spectrophotometrically. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC-MS. Data were processed by two-way ANOVA (Tukey test, p < 0.05).

   Results. In Kapriz, chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were highest where PC (including flavonols) were lowest, and vice versa. In Luchano, photosynthetic pigments peaked in regimes where they declined in Kapriz and № 232/21. Sample № 232/21 showed the least change in PC accumulation; its essential oil consisted of 87 % methyl cinnamate. Kapriz plants were most stress-sensitive, while № 232/21 was the most resilient.

   Conclusion. The 50:60:50:25 regime boosted photosynthetic pigments, whereas 50:70:25:25 enhanced PC via phenylpropanoid pathway activation under photo-oxidative stress. The proposed LED regimes enable targeted modulation of basil’s biochemical profile – delivering either high antioxidant activity or maximum essential-oil yield.

   Relevance. The increasing demand for vegetable crops stimulates the development of their year-round production, including both open and protected ground systems. However, man-made pollution with heavy metals, in particular lead, poses a serious threat to the safety of crop production. Lead is one of the priority pollutants of agricultural soils and substrates, since even at concentrations up to 50 mg/kg it can cause phytotoxicity and accumulate in the commercial part of the crop.

   Materials and Methods. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) of the Azart variety and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Ivolga variety were used as model objects of research. The plants were cultivated in a hydroponic system using sterilized peat as a substrate. Lead Acetate (Pb(CH₃COO)₂) was applied in three con-
centrations: 0 (control), 25 and 50 mg/kg. The experiment was carried out in three repetitions. On the 7th and 45^th days of cultivation, biometric parameters (wet and dry plant mass), the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a, b and carotenoids), the concentration of lead in roots and aboveground organs were determined by atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), as well as the activity of key antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

   Results. At the initial stage of the experiment (day 7), no significant differences in biometric parameters were found between the cultures. By day 45, with an average concentration of lead, the decrease in the crude weight of wheat was 4.9 % less than in lettuce, with a maximum concentration (50 mg/kg), the lettuce growth depression reached 29.7 %, while in wheat the indicators were significantly lower. Accumulation analysis showed that wheat mainly localizes lead in the root system, demonstrating a pronounced barrier function, while lettuce has a more uniform distribution of metal between roots and shoots. The study of antioxidant enzymes revealed that, with increased stress, catalase activity increases and superoxide dismutase decreases in both crops, while lettuce is dominated by CAT activity and wheat by SOD, which indicates the preservation of enzymatic balance and adaptive regulation of the level of reactive oxygen species.

   Relevance. The rising demand for spicy crops is driving the development of their year-round production at urban farms. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) have great potential for use in total control environment agriculture of green crops due to their eco-friendliness and ability to stimulate growth and secondary metabolite accumulation. This study aims to determine effective MgO-NPs concentrations for stimulating growth, photosynthesis, and essential oil accumulation in sweet basil.

   Materials and Methods. MgO-NPs (6–7 nm in size), produced by laser ablation, were applied in three foliar applications, 10 days apart, beginning with the emergence of the first true leaves of sweet basil cultivar Zhigolo. Nanoparticles were used at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 500 mg/l. Control plants were sprayed with distilled water. On the 60th day of cultivation, the following parameters were measured: plant height, leaf count, fresh and dry weight, total chlorophyll, anthocyanins, and essential oil content.

   Results. MgO nanoparticle treatments at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg/l increased the number of leaves by 65 and 60 %, and the fresh weight of basil plants by 55.7 and 83.4 %, respectively. Treatment at concentration of 150 mg/l contributed to an increase in plant height by 51.6 %. An increase in dry
weight was observed in all treatment variants with MgO-NP concentrations 75 mg/l and above. When using treatments of 150, 200, and 500 mg/l, the greatest reliable increase in dry mass (by 43, 56, and 37 %) and total chlorophyll content (by 38, 77, and 33 %) was observed. Maximum accumulation of essential oils (more than 2 times) was observed at concentration of 50 mg/l. The composition of essential oils also altered: the highest content of linalool was observed at 25 mg/l, eugenol – at 50 mg/l, and eucalyptol – at 75 mg/l.

   Relevance. The selection of pairs for crossing is the main task of studying a collection of any crop. It is important to know which parental forms have high variety-forming ability.

   Therefore, the aim of our study was to study the nature of the inheritance of quantitative productivity traits by F₁ hybrids of soft spring wheat and to identify the most promising combinations for further breeding work.

   Material and Methods. Intraspecific F₁ hybrids and their parental forms of soft spring wheat were used as the material for the study. The original forms were comprehensively studied (including the index method) in collection nurseries in 2019-2021, differing in meteorological conditions. The most productive varieties were used as maternal forms, and forms with high resistance to diseases, lodging, and high grain quality were used as paternal forms. Based on each maternal form, a series of F₁ hybrids of the topcross type were obtained. In F₁ hybrids, the inheritance pattern of quantitative traits of the ear of soft spring wheat related to yield (number and weight of grains per ear, number of grains per ear, weight of 1000 grains) was analyzed and phenotypic dominance indices were calculated (according to Griffing), where depression corresponds to the value D < -1; recessive inheritance – at - 1 < D < -0.5; additive effect of genes – at -0.5 < D < 0.5; dominance – at 0.5 < D < 1; heterosis is observed at D > 1. The coefficient of true heterosis was calculated according to Omarov D.S.

   Results. It was found that approximately half of the studied hybrid combinations exhibit heterosis in the number of grains in the main spike (about 60%), about 30% of combinations exhibit heterosis in the number of grains in a spikelet, over 60 % – in the weight of grains from the main spike and about 80 % - in the weight of 1000 grains. This serves as indirect evidence of the effectiveness of the index method for selecting pairs for crossing. Promising combinations with a forecast of selection in subsequent generations of transgressive yield lines of spring wheat for CRHZ were identified. For the maternal form Zlata, the best combinations were obtained with pollinators MK No. 41, Sudarynya, Simbirtsit and MK No. 153; for Ekada 66 – Simbirtsit, Zlata; for Granni – Liza, Lada; for KVS Aquilon – AC Taber, Agata, AC Karma; for Ivolga - Granni.

   Relevance. Along with germination, the ability of rice seedlings to overcome a layer of water in order to form an optimal density of seedlings and a good harvest is of fundamental importance. Rice is a hygrophite, and in the Kuban region, it is grown using the technology of flooding with a layer of water to improve the environmental friendliness of the rice industry and reduce the use of herbicides. The field germination of seeds is significantly lower than the laboratory germination, which is associated with the varietal characteristics of their germination physiology and the morphological parameters of the seedlings to overcome the layer of flooded soil. It is important to determine the tolerance of rice varieties to flooding during the germination phase.

   Purpose of research. To evaluate the features of morphological parameters of rice varieties seedlings under conditions of humidification and flooding, the rate of growth at the initial stage and the intensity of plant growth throughout the rice vegetation for the optimization of approaches in cultivation.

   Materials and Methods. The research was conducted on the basis of the USU (Unique Scientific Unit) group of the Federal Scientific Rice Center, with the involvement of 15 varieties from the Rice Bioresource Collection in the experiment. Laboratory experiments on assessing the viability of seeds and the growth intensity of seedlings were conducted in two variants: in a 10 cm layer of water in glass containers and on moistening in Petri dishes at the same temperature. The cultivation of these same varieties in a field on an irrigated plot was carried out according to the generally accepted methods and technologies of rice cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory.

   Results. The analysis of the obtained data showed that when growing rice, it is necessary to take into account the reaction of the varieties to the irrigation regime and the intensity of growth in the initial germination phase. In almost all varieties, flooding with a layer of water led to a decrease in the length of the seedling and the main embryonic root. On average, over a period of 14 days, the growth of the rice seedling under a layer of water was 2.36 cm shorter and the root was 6.72 cm shorter compared to the moistened variant. However, in a number of varieties, the seedlings successfully overcame the water layer, the percentage of such was 80-100 for varieties: Avangrad, Kuban 3, Yakhont and Strombus; more than 50 % for varieties: Victoria, Aral 22, Kauris, Fast and Furious and Leader. In the field, a high rate of increase in stem length per day over the entire growing season was observed in tall varieties: Kuban 3, Avangard, Marzhan and Strombus (0.89-1.01 cm/day). It was recorded that the lowest seed germination rate in a 10 cm layer of water was observed in the Marzhan, Flagman, Polus-5, and Junior varieties.

   Relevance. Vegetables are essential for a healthy human diet and are the main sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, and other components. A key property of vegetables is their ability to enhance the digestibility of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, making enriching various products with vegetable and fruit powders a promising approach in nutrition. Vegetable raw materials or vegetable powders are often added to confectionery products recently. The authors demonstrated the effect of Omsky belyyJerusalem artichoke powder on the moisture transfer processes in foam-like confectionery products.

   Materials and Methods. We studied various Jerusalem artichoke tuber contents to investigate moisture transfer processes in foam-like confectionery products. Model pastille samples were prepared with varying amounts of ground Jerusalem artichoke powder Omsky belyy and a control sample without Jerusalem artichoke powder. Physicochemical and structural-mechanical methods were used. The organoleptic characteristics of the pastille were assessed according to GOST 6441-2014, moisture content was determined according to GOST 5900-2014, and water activity was determined according to GOST ISO 21807-2015. The strength of the samples was determined using a Structurometer ST-2 (Russia) with a Valenta indenter, according to the device instructions.

   Results. It was found that the addition of Jerusalem artichoke powder significantly affects the rate of moisture transfer processes during pastille storage. The highest moisture loss after 3 months of storage was observed for the control sample, while the lowest moisture loss was observed for the sample containing 2 % Jerusalem artichoke powder. Adding Jerusalem artichoke powder reduces the rate of moisture transfer by 1.5 to 2 times, which affects the shelf life of pastille products. The water activity of foam-like confectionery samples containing Jerusalem artichoke powder ranged from 0.762 to 0.720, indicating that Jerusalem artichoke powder retains moisture and maintains the soft, delicate consistency of the samples containing 2 % Jerusalem artichoke powder. However, additional microbiological monitoring is required.

   Relevance. The pace of scientific study of the varietal diversity of sugar sorghum (Sorghum saccharatum L. Moench) is gradually increasing, but still remain insufficient for a significant expansion of the boundaries of use of this crop in various branches of industry and agriculture in Western Siberia.

   The purpose of the research is to identify promising lines and varieties of sugar sorghum of universal use.

   Materials and Methods. Competitive variety testing of sugar sorghum was carried out in the period 2022-2024 at the experimental field of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology», located in the suburbs of Barnaul. 4 varieties and 2 lines of sugar sorghum were tested: Alga, Galiya, Kinelskoe 4, Tandem, L1533, L1920. The standard variety was Altayskoye 1. The seeds were sown on plots of 10 m² in fourfold repetition. The plots were cleaned manually and with the help of a Wintersteiger «Classic» breeding combine. Accounting and evaluation of economically valuable characteristics of cultivars is carried out according to generally accepted and standardized methods.

   Results. During the test, 3 varieties and 1 line of sugar sorghum were identified, combining a complex of useful agrobiological features: in terms of green yield (93.3 kg/ha) and dry weight (31.2 kg/ha) – Alga; in terms of green yield (76.6 kg/ha), grain (3.0 t/ha) – Kinelskoe 4; in terms of green yield (90.4 c/ha) and dry weight (29.4 c/ha), fat content (2.0%), sugars (23.1 g), digestible protein(111.4 g) – Tandem; in terms of dry weight yield (27.6 c/ha), grain (3.8 t/ha), sugar content (21.8 g), digestible protein (104.6 g) – L1920. Forms that are pronounced according to these characteristics can be commended for further breeding of sugar sorghum.

   Relevance. Studying the seed production characteristics of cabbage varieties in southern Dagestan, where direct transplantation is favorable, is essential for obtaining high-quality seed material of domestic varieties and hybrids for Russian agricultural producers.

   Study Objective – determining the optimal sowing time for the formation of full-fledged reproductive shoots (inflorescences) is the primary objective of direct transplantation of cabbage seed in Dagestan.

   Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the Dagestanskaya Os, a branch of the All-Russian Institute of Plant Research, located in the southern lowlands of Dagestan. The material consisted of varieties and hybrids of different cabbage species.

   Results. The study identified optimal seed sowing and seedling planting times for growing different cabbage varieties – white cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and red cabbage – directly in southern Dagestan, where the natural and climatic conditions are most favorable for seed production. The study also demonstrated the key development phases during the fall, winter, and spring-summer periods.

   Relevance.

   The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of soil leveling operations of an agricultural field on soil conditions in terms of moisture.

   Methods. The main research methods used in the work were: a) measurement; b) comparison, c) modeling, d) analysis. To ensure high yields of crops, it is necessary to maintain optimal levels for plants in terms of water, air and nutrient regimes. To analyze the state of the field, the principles of GPS technologies were applied in the work, which in terms of evaluation, as well as re-examination, compare favorably with laser technologies.

   Results. An agricultural field with an uneven surface has lowering and rising levels. Obviously, moisture will accumulate in depressions. It follows that there will be a lack of moisture for the plant at elevations, and excess at depressions. To eliminate such problems, the layout of the fields is carried out. A possible negative component in the planning of the surface of an agricultural field is the cutting of the soil layer and denudation, and at the same time the lower layers, the fertility of which is much lower. The article presents the results of studies of agricultural fields on which planning is carried out. Field planning is designed to increase yields, which is provided by the uniform distribution of irrigation water over the entire area, while providing all plants with the required amount of moisture for the entire growing season. In conclusion, the importance of considering the influence of the thickness of the fertile soil layer cut by the working body of the planner on the yield of the agricultural crop is determined.

Agroforestry is a powerful practice for sustainable and regenerative intensification because it promotes multifunctional landscapes that deliver ecological functions that contribute to livelihoods, land productivity, biodiversity conservation, and other ecosystem services. The main idea of this paper is to review Agroforestry contribution to livelihood and carbon sequestration in Ethiopia. Home gardens, farms, woodlots, and coffee farms are the most prevalent forms of agroforestry methods; yet, farmer perceptions and their distribution differed. Amazingly, because agroforestry produces a variety of services from a small unit of land, each technique adds many advantages. The main benefit was diversification of production, which is the optimal approach, especially for smallholder farmers whose livelihoods depend on agricultural systems. In comparison to monocropping, agroforestry is much more acceptable and recommended. As a result, it offers both environmental and socioeconomic benefits, such as reduced soil erosion, increased soil moisture and fertility, coffee shade, and maintenance of the microclimate balance, as well as tree products and income. These and other advantages help rural communities diversify their sources of income and provide protection. Much of the aboveground carbon is held in homegardens (28.2 ± 6.0 Mg C ha⁻¹), perennial tree crop systems (23.7±10.0 Mg C ha^-1) and trees on boundaries (26.7±14.1 Mg C ha⁻¹). In general, it's a useful tool for adjusting to and reducing climate change. As a consequence, farmers considered it as essential to maximize the productive potential of their land and enhancing the standard of living for smallholders. Therefore, in order to help farmers improve their standard of living and adapt to the unpredictable nature of climate change, the government should support agroforestry practices.

Street trees have long been recognized as a contributing factor to increased residential property values and offer numerous environmental, economic, and social benefits in both residential and commercial areas. This review article aims to examine the opportunities and challenges associated with planting street trees in urban environments. However, the rapid pace of urbanization has resulted in a significant rise in impermeable surfaces, which can intensify the environmental pressures faced by street trees. Street trees play a crucial role in urban life by delivering a wide array of advantages in residential and commercial zones, and they contribute to the well-being of communities by offering environmental, economic, and social benefits. Nevertheless, the expansion of impermeable surfaces can exacerbate the strains placed on urban ecosystems and urban forests. These strains often force tree roots to proliferate in areas that provide more favorable conditions for growth, but unfortunately, these areas also cause damage to infrastructure and uplift pavements. This damage incurs substantial costs, prompting the exploration of various preventive measures aimed at preserving tree health and minimizing pavement damage. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the benefits provided by street trees, their perceived value within communities, the expenses associated with uncontrolled root growth and pavement damage, and, most importantly, by implementing these preventive measures, urban areas can maintain the numerous benefits provided by street trees while mitigating the negative consequences associated with their growth, the latest research on proven measures to prevent pavement damage and enhance street tree growth.