The vegetable production  is one of the economic sectors  that  provides  the  population  with  foodstuff  products with high biological values. To achieve independence in production  of the agricultural foodstuffs,  the part of imported  products should not be beyond 25 % from total volume of foodstuffs  fabricated. As a result of national breeding program, the varieties and hybrids adapted to different growing conditions, with resistance to  local races of pathogens, temperature stresses, and ground frosts were developed to provide the sustainable production of vegetables with high nutritional and medicinal qualities. The varieties and hybrids F1  of white  head cabbage that have been created for the last 5 years are distinguished from foreign ones by taste qualities, appropriate pickling characteristics with increased  sugar,  and  decreased  cellulose  contents. The local onion varieties combine long shelf life, early maturing, well bulb formation, high dry matter content (18-20%) and ability to form the bulb for one year. The cucumber  is  the  traditional  vegetable crop  in  Russia and very profitable for greenhouse enterprises. Breeders have developed bee-pollinated and parthenocarpic hybrids well adapted to local growing conditions and  suitable  for   open  field   cultivation   in  different regions of Russia. Parthenocarpic heterotic hybrids of the  multi-propose  use, corresponding  to  the  modern variety model with high productivity, early-ripening, bunch ovary disposition, resistance to abiotic stresses, and  most  harmful  diseases. The carrot  and  red  beet varieties with  high nutritional  qualities, long shelf-life, ecological plasticity that are widely used for seed production have been created. The varieties of nightshade crops have been developed to cultivate in NonChernozem zone, Far East, Western Siberia, the Middle Belt of Russia and the south of Russia, are also suitable for different greenhouse complexes located in different light zones of the Russia. Wide application of varieties produced through national vegetable breeding programs can provide the population with our own products of high quality.

The protected cultivation technology, through which the various inbred generations with the combination of economic valuable traits and different level of sterility can be produced, is used in order to accelerate the breeding program. However, there is a negative effect of inbreeding depression and self-incompatibility can often occur and cause the loss of valuable breeding forms. The aim of the work was to study the influence of steroidal glycosides capsicoside (SGC) on exhibition of CMS, and morphobiological parameters of 13 inbred generations that were produced from fertile plant and partly sterile plants with level of sterility 10% and 50%. The seeds were soaked for 24 hours in water solution of SGC with concentration 10^-3%, and in water control. Then the seeds were dried up and sown in the greenhouse. The stecklings and roots obtained were vernalized at 3-5Co. Mother plants were grown under 18 hour photoperiod in greenhouse with supplementary lighting. Inbreeding seeds were obtained in individual cloth isolators. It was shown that for all generations the treatment with SGC improved the seed germination (4-8% more), increased the root index and its length (12-24% more), decreased betanin content (22-48% less) in comparison with control. The action of SGC on the other morphological and biochemical traits such as height of leaf rosette, leaf number, plant and root weight, head size, number of generative buds, and nitrate content was defined by the level of sterility of mother plant. The most expressed effect for all traits mentioned was seen in inbreeding generations of sterile plants with high level of sterility. After action effect of seed treatment with SGC on development of seed plants from inbreeding generations, not depending on sterility level of mother plants, showed the positive influence on plant habitus of seed mother plants, decreasing the plant height, but increasing stem number and functional parameters of microgametophyte in fertile plants. This caused the improved seed formation 1.6-2.2 times higher during inbreeding process and increased the portion of plants with high productivity. The SGC had no effect on exhibition of CMS trait. Thus, the SGC is worth using in valuable highly inbreeding forms inclined to self-sterility, in order to enlarge the genetic variation and output of divers generations. However, it should be taken into consideration that the complicated effect on the plant traits can be noticed in inbreeding generation of red beet and may have an effect on the result of selection process at the root stage.

The long period of time needed for production of homozygous ms-and mf-lines in biennial crop is a problem in development of heterotic hybrids in red beet. The use of steckling culture and protected cultivation technology are the  suitable methods  to  speed  up  the  development  of breeding lines. However, the relationship between exhibition of CMS trait in seed plants and horticulturally valuable traits of steckling is very important aim of the study to be considered. The study was performed in 2012-2014. The red  beet  inbreeding  lines (I2-I5), obtained  through steckling culture in low-volume technology under protected cultivation condition were used as a plant material for the study. The generations that were obtained were from cultivar population ‘Nezhnost’ and a hybrid population of foreign origin. As a result, it was shown that one of criterions of indirect selection of ms-form in inbreeding generation may be the fast-maturity of stecklings that determined their yield weight at harvesting. The average weight of steckling belonging to sterile plants in progenies of different inbreeding generations, not depending on the time of harvesting was higher than in fertile plants. Therefore, probability to select the valuable ms-forms among groups of fast-maturing  plants with  greater weight  of steckling was higher. The selection of stecklings from smaller size groups of middle maturing and late maturing inbreeding progenies is required to  develop valuable mf-lines with high ability for fertility maintaining.

The scheme  of  development  of  two-line  of  hybrids  F₁  in European radish based on self-incompatibility includes five stages, as follows: 1 – selection of self-incompatible lines, common and specified combining ability estimation; 2 – inbreeding and selection to make the lines homozygous for morphological traits, common and specified combining ability estimation; maintenance and reproduction of self-incompatible lines; 4 – production of hybrid seeds. The research work on assessment of hybrid F₁ that were obtained from cross of eight self-incompatible lines of European winter radish by the Griffing’s method was carried out in 2016. The assessment of length, diameter and yield of radish root was performed. According to the root shape the heterotic hybrids F₁ were divided into three groups: rounded-flat,  48.2%; round, 50.0%; and flatten-round,  1.8%. The level of root marketability of hybrids F₁ reached 100%. As a result of the work the promising hybrid combination distinguished by high uniformity, marketability and high yield were selected out.

The  study  was  carried  out  at  All-Russian  Research Institute  of  Vegetable Growing  (GNU VNIIO) in  2013-2016.  The objects  of  the  study  were  seeds of  carrot taken from  variety ‘Rogneda’  regarded  as a standard, breeding lines 690V, 690P and 753. The aim of the work was to study the dry weight of carrot-embryos and calculate the main characteristics regarding their variability among different accessions that were obtained through both inbreeding and outbreeding methods. Mean values of the sample for seed embryo weight  differed  among different  carrot  accessions  and  breeding  lines  in  the range from 36.8 μg to 17.0 μg in ‘Rogneda’ and line 753, respectively. Moreover, there is no strong derivation of mean value from median within each sample of the breeding  line  was  observed.  The  derivation  of  mean value from median was 0.2 μg in ‘Rogneda’. The least embryo weight 14.0 μg was observed in breeding lines. The coefficient of variation for embryo weight varied in the  range  from  10.4  to  14.2  and  reached  25.1  %  in ‘Rogneda’. The method of maximum likelihood was used to  reveal correspondences  of  experimental function  of distribution in embryo weight in seed population of accessions studied  and  normal  distribution.  Statistical high-order moments (asymmetry and excess) of sample in  carrot  had  insignificant  shift.  The highest  values of asymmetry and excess were observed for selected measurements of embryo weight in breeding line 690V. The experimental data observed may lead to  previous conclusions about significant difference among four carrot  accessions in  embryo  weight  and  its  character  of variability. Thus, such a main morphological element-the embryo-in  the seed is also very probably subjected  to the strong inbreeding depression. Morphometrical parameter of embryo weight may be interesting not only for seed production and seed study, but also for breeding program, and regarded as an inherited trait that can be improved.

The development of cheap and rapid breeding methods to breed  the lines used for  hybrid  F₁  production  is a very actual task. The study was carried out with a use of radish varieties originated at VNIISSOK and breeding lines obtained by crossing components of different origin with male  sterility  in  winter  glass  greenhouse.  The  mother plants were grown  on the trays Plantec 64, while seedplants were grown in plastic pots of 1 liter capacity. The some morphobiological features such as the small habitus of see-plant; smaller number of secondary branching and absence of following branches; and consequently, the low yield of seeds were revealed in seed-plants of radish being grown in plastic pots. The period of ontogenesis in radish at first winter-spring rotation with this cultivation approach was reduced to 92 days. At the second summer-autumn rotation with additional lighting the duration of period of ontogenesis was essentially shorter than in the first rotation.  The utilization of  small-volume capacities in winter glass greenhouse to grow the radish seed-plants has permitted to produce two generations a year.

The lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is widely known and favorite vegetable crop among people. In Europe the main production of lettuce is performed on protected ground with application of  artificial  light  sources. The artificially-lighted  culture  of salad became very actually acquired in the north. Previously, on the basis of multi-year studies on yield registration and experiments with different regimes of lighting we have defined the appropriate parameters of supplementary lighting for lettuce with sodium high-pressure lamps that provided the production in different seasons per year. The aim was to study the accumulation of biomass and yield quality in lettuce ‘Aphytsion’ being grown in winter rotation under light-emitting diodes lamps. The accumulation of biomass and yield quality was studied in ‘Aphytsion’,  grown in winter rotation under lightemitting diodes lamps ECOLED-BIO-112-185WD120 UniversaLED (ООО ‘GK’  ‘CET’), Perm, in  industrial greenhouse OOO ‘Prigorodniy’  at Syktyvkar city. The commodity  output  was obtained  for  two  cycle  of  cultivation, November-December  and  December-January.  Yield  of foliage biomass was 2.4 kg/m² with flow density PAR (Photosynthetically active radiation) about 90 μmole quantum/m²  s. at 20 W/m² with total light energy 54 MJ/m²  supplied to plants from LED lamps. The plants produced about 0.5 g. of dry weight calculated on one mole of spent light energy. Energy efficiency of PAR was 3% that corresponded with data observed earlier with sodium high-pressure lamps. The conclusion was made about the suitableness of this type of light-emitting diode lamps for lettuce cultivation in winter rotation in first photic zone. It was recommended to increase duration of supplemental lighting up to 22-24 hours in December and up to 20-22 hours in January to improve the productivity and biological value of plant output. It enables to raise RAP income in plants by 35 %, on average for one cycle of cultivation.

С  точки зрения  как  исследовательской, так   и  производственной, весьма  важным  является ответ   на вопрос о влиянии предпосевной оптической обработки семян когерентными излучениями на процесс выращивания рассады, в частности на этапах появления и развития всходов.  В  работе представлены результаты исследований   динамики  развития всходов   огурца Церес   F₁,  выполненных  в   климатической камере кафедры  «Инженерная  защита окружающей  среды» Удмуртского госуниверситета.  Предпосевная  оптическая обработка семян выполнялась на установке «Луч-2». В ходе работ  контролировалось время появления проростков (петельки),  время  разворачивания  семядольных листьев, высота растений, временя появления и  размеры  настоящих листьев с  периодичностью в дневное  время  каждые  четыре часа.  Предпосевная оптическая обработка семян когерентными излучениями повлияла на все наблюдаемые параметры развития растений. У растений, выращенных из семян, прошедших  предпосевную  обработку, отмечено ускорение развития проростков на 17  часов,  полного развития семядольных листьев – на 27 часов в сравнении с контрольным вариантом. Одновременно у этих же растений наблюдалось увеличение высоты на 12-27%, площади 1-2-го настоящего листьев – на 12-16%. Проведённые наблюдения позволили определить  варианты предпосевной обработки, обеспечивающие лучшие значения рассматриваемых  параметров развития растений. При этом в  статье  отмечается,    что   различные  режимы предпосевной оптической обработки семян когерентными   излучениями   вызывают различные   реакции растений.

The group of bee-pollinated hybrids of cucumber is one of the most demanded for growing in greenhouses in winterspring period. There are ‘Atlet F₁’ ‘Karambol F₁’ ‘Magnit F₁’ ‘Kartel  F₁’  and  also  hybrids  pollinators  ‘Kazanova  F₁’, ‘Begunok  F₁’  ‘Bodriyachok  F₁’,  which  occupy  about  800 hectares of  area in  winter  greenhouses. All  hybrids  have attractive appearance, high taste qualities, and are transportable. Buttons are in a great demand and have a high price during  all  the  time  of  cultivation,  from  February to  July. However, the bee-pollinated  cucumbers in later period are also in need, particularly for end of year celebrations. The possibility  to  grow  these  bee  pollinated  cucumbers  like ‘Karambol F₁’ in these terms of cultivation is regarded in the article.

In prolonged rotation in winter greenhouses the efficiency of tomato plant formation was studied in hybrid ‘Taganka F₁’ with extra sprout retained. The yield capacity was estimated depending  on location  of extra stems and the number of plants with extra stems. Maximal yield was observed when sprout density was to 3.1-3.3 per square meter regardless of terms of their formation.

The method of hydroponics for growing plants without soil has been developed, where the many advantages are: the high technological performance; reduce of expenses; economy in watering and fertilizers due to lack of drainage system and extra engineering needed for solution circulation; reduce of exploitations expenses due to lack of soil tilling. There is also no problem concerning the root rots that are typical for all methods of growing plants without soil. This allows growing the plants with large root volume and prolonged period of vegetation. Efficiency of this system  has been proven by multi-year experiments. It was shown  that  vegetable crop  such as cucumber,  the root system of which is very sensible to oxygen deficiency, well grew, developed and gave fruits on the vegetation tray.

At present time, the significant deficiency of СО₂ for plants cultivated in greenhouses is one of the factors limiting the photosynthesis and carbonate accumulation leading to decrement of vegetable plant productivity.  The development of necessary gas atmosphere inside greenhouses is the same as important as maintaining temperature regimes.  In  the  world,  there  are  different  solutions  for greenhouse feeding with СО₂. Nowadays, the most effective and ecologically safe equipment for greenhouse feeding with СО₂ is that provide, not only a smoke-like gas, but also a purified food quality carbon dioxide. This technology required system of gas pipe lines for greenhouses and system of automated control for gas feeding. Moreover it is necessary to install the storage facilities for liquid  carbonic  acid, gas generator, heating system and other   equipment.   Such   a   complex   for   automatic greenhouse feeding with СО₂ ‘Kaskad’ has been worked out by OOO ‘Kaskad’ that has successfully developed the systems for carbon-dioxide feeding for 10 years. The system  that  combined  automatic  supplying  outcoming  gas from  boiler  station,  and liquid  СО₂  injecting  into  greenhouse room was developed in 2015. The system enables to be integrated into the feeding liquid СО₂ and existing system of supplying the outcoming  gas from boiling station.

One of the basis water-soluble fertilizers that are used in greenhouse enterprises is  a Calcium  nitrate,  where  its production  and demand raise. At present time, calcium nitrate is produced  in a granulated and crystaline   form consisted of tetrahydrate, dihydrate and concentrated variants. These forms  are significantly distinguished  by their  chemical  composition.  Besides the  basic  form  of nitrogen – nitrate – there is ammoniacal nitrogen in the composition of Calcium nitrate that is found to be undesirable element, particularly with drip irrigation system in the  greenhouse. The new  product,  calcium  nitrate  has been worked out with minimal content of ammoniacal nitrogen  at  URALCHIM. The study  showed  the  advantages of the product for such characteristics as solubility and time of dissolving. It dissolves 3.4-7 time faster than those of tetrahydrate and dihydrate analogues. At present time, the concentrated  calcium  nitrate is used in many greenhouse  industrial  complexes  and  enterprises,  and has shown its efficiency in practice.

The physiological abnormalities of plants under protected conditions are one of the most common and economically dangerous phenomena for the grower. One of the frequent causes of this phenomenon in plastic houses is the damage of plants by herbicides; the symptoms of this are very similar to the damages of viral infections.

The early-ripening variety of garden pea ‘Kudesnik 2’ was proposed for State Commission for variety trial in 2015 and regarded to be used in the canning industry. The variety was bred at Krymsk Experimental Plant Breeding Station and considered to be used for continued conveyor-like production for further processing technology at canned-food production enterprises.

The plant growth stimulating preparations such as Agrostimul, Lignogumat, Ecosil and Organobor (Br) were tested in broccoli.  It was shown that variety reaction in dynamic of growth of assimilation apparatus was different when treating with  the preparations. The different  plant responses were  noticed  among  broccoli  cultivars.  The data analysis was carried out, where treated with stimulators cultivars were estimated for productivity, early-maturation, output quality, simultaneously-matured heads, duration  of  vegetation  period,  and  rates of  growing  in comparison with control variant. As a result of the study, it was shown that economic suitability of broccoli  cultivars varied depending on year temperature, and particularly the optimal time when broccoli  formed heads. The application  of  growth  stimulating  preparations  in  open field  of  southern regions is very promising,  in order  to enhance the adaptability and yield capacity during yearround cultivation and multiple utilization of a soil unit. The treatment of seedlings and vegetative plants after having been planted and at the beginning of head formation with growth stimulating preparation was very effective way to stimulate the growth and development and to hasten broccoli head formation. In our study, the preparation Agrostimul was the most effective in increasing the yield of central heads by 181% in cultivar Burpess, Green Bud and hybrid, Cape Queen by 134%, while the yield of extra heads from the first to the third was increased by 445% and 131%, respectively.

35 viruses have been reported to infect peppers (Capsicum spp.) and those lead to economic losses like low  and  variable yield. Viral diseases are an important factor  provoking  low  yield and reduced  fruit  quality. In low volume hydroponics the spread of virus infection had local character. The two types of symptoms were revealed. The plants with symptoms of green mottle, chlorosis, deformation of mid-rib  in top leaves, and leaf blade rolling by edges inwardly were observed in breeding accessions with light-green fruit color such as ‘Maria’, ‘L-Ochrovanie’,  ‘Belosnezhka’. The deformation,  mottle and symptoms of inner necrosis can be seen on fruits. The degree of disease development reached 100%. The results of  enzyme-linked immunosorbent  assay (ELISA) and ImmunoStrips assays enabled to identify the tobacco mosaic  virus  (TMV). There  were  blight-yellow   mottle, wrinkling on entire plants and deformation and mottling on fruits. The symptoms appeared on the top leaves by the end of vegetation period that was caused by late viral impact. The degree of developing the disease was 10.5-25% on leaves and fruits that was less than on plants with green mosaic. Immunological  tests carried out  in open field showed the combined virus infections, consisting of TMV+CMV  with  degree  of  disease  development  was 37.5%. The rod-shaped particles, 30 nm in size, belonging to tobacco mosaic virus were discovered with the use of electron microscopy in pepper plants showing the symptoms of green and yellow mosaic.

The climatic conditions of the Derbent district of the Republic of Dagestan are favorable for seed-growing cabbage of white-cabbage and other varieties by a nonstop method. In the complex of measures to increase the efficiency of production of cabbage seeds, pest and disease control  plays an important  role. The article proves the application of a new approach to the protection system of testes of white cabbage. On the basis of long-term phytosanitary   monitoring   and   biocenotic   principles, which  allow differentiating  the use of  protective  equipment in each specific case, an integrated system of protection of testes of cabbage from the main pests in the conditions  of the south of Russia has been developed. New progressive methods in the implementation of basic technological  processes are economically justified.  The introduction of the system ensured a significant increase in the yield of testes of white cabbage and the profitability of  seed production.  For each ruble of  expenses for crop protection, 8.1 rubles of additional income was received. Applied in FIC VNIIR AES testicles of cabbage allowed  to  harvest 190 kg of  additional  yield of  hybrid seeds from each hectare. The amount of realization of the additional harvest was 114,000 rubles. The recoupment of  costs  in  terms  of  the  ruble  costs  is  29.5  rubles. Reducing the  pesticide  load on  agrocenosis, yielded a yield with good quality characteristics. The difference in germination was 5-6% higher when using satellites. The fulfillment of the seeds also depended on the protection system. Thus, the mass of 1000 seeds when using the AES of testes of cabbage in the F₁ Hybrid Extra was 4.68 g, while the schedule of treatment was 3.83 g.