Влияние нативных и активированных плазмой высокочастотного тлеющего разряда водных растворов электролитов на развитие и устойчивость растений томата

Актуальность. Разработка инновационных методов предпосевной обработки семян это ключ к развитию устойчивого и высокопродуктивного земледелия. В отличие от традиционного протравливания, использование электролитов после активации их растворов низкотемпера­турной плазмой для обработки семян может позволить решить комплекс биологических, эко­логических и производственных проблем овощеводства, поэтому является перспективным направлением исследования. Данный подход к праймированию семян позволяет достичь несколько эффектов: уничтожение поверхностной семенной инфекции, повышение гидро­фильности, активации ферментативных систем и скорости ростовых процессов. Данное исследование направлено на оценку биологической эффективности предпосевной обработки семян томата растворами электролитов, активированных низкотемпературной плазмой.

Методика. Семена томата восприимчивого к фитофторозу сорта Таллалихин 186 обрабатыва­ли активированными и исходными растворами KNO3 и KCl при различных температурах (22°C и 50°C) и экспозициях (от 30 до 120 минут) с последующей оценкой всхожести, биометрических параметров проростков, продуктивности растений и пораженности их болезнями. Эффекты действия обработки оценивали сразу после воздействия и через год хранения обработанных семян в лабораторных и полевых опытах.

Результаты. Установлено, что плазменная активация растворов значительно усиливает росто­стимулирующие и иммуномодулирующие свойства электролитов. Наибольшая эффектив­ность на ювенильной стадии развития достигнута при обработке семян активированным 1% раствором KNO3 при 22°C, где лабораторная всхожесть повысилась на 16%, а длина корешка проростков увеличилась на 138%. Важным результатом является положительное последей­ствие праймирования семян на продуктивность и устойчивость растений. Все варианты с активированными растворами, и особенно активированный раствор KNO3, стабильно обес­печивали максимальное увеличение товарной урожайности и значительное снижение пора­женности плодов фитофторозом.

Заключение. Электрохимическая активация растворов значительно усиливает физиологиче­скую активность электролитов, что открывает перспективы для разработки экологически чистых способов стимуляции роста и развития растений. Технология демонстрирует потенци­ал для повышения продуктивности и устойчивости томата к патогенам.

1. Reimers F.E. The plant in infancy. Nauka. Sib. Branch., 1987. 183 p. (In Russ.)

2. Yanchenko A.V., Bukharov A.F., Fedosov A.Y. Priming – innovative development of methodology preparation of seeds for sowing (review). Vegetable crops of Russia. 2023;(5):28-36. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2023-05-28-36 https://www.elibrary.ru/rgdvqz

3. Pipinis E., Milios E., Smiris P., Gioumousidis C. Effect of acid scarification and cold moist stratification on the germination of Cercis siliquastrum L. seeds. Turk J Agric For. 2011;35(3):259-264. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1003-848

4. Gornik K., Sas-Paszt L., Seliga L., Pluta S. etc. The Effect of Different Stratification and Scarification Treatments on Breaking the Dormancy of Saskatoon Berry Seeds. Agronomy 2023;13(2):520. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020520

5. Deng S., Deng Z., Wang X., Lu H., Xue H. Effects of Temperature, Scarification, Stratification, Phytohormones, and After-Ripening on the Dormancy and Germination of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Seeds. Forests. 2021;12(11):1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111593

6. Crocker V., Barton L. Factors influencing germination. The physiology of seeds. «Publishing house of foreign literature. M., 1955. Р. 140- 177. (In Russ.)

7. Ovcharov K.E. Necessary factors of seed germination. The physiology of seed formation and germination. 1976. Р. 135-184. (In Russ.)

8. The role of temperature and phytohormones in seed dormancy disorder. Edited by M.G. Nikolaeva. Leningrad, 1981. 160 р. (In Russ.)

9. Gordeeva L.N. Germination of barley after exposure to sound of different frequencies (In brewing technology). Food and processing industry. Abstract journal. 2001;(2):563. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/fnywvj

10. Veselova T.V. Changes in the condition of seeds during their storage, germination and under the influence of external factors (ionizing radiation in small doses and other weak influences), determined by the method of delayed luminescence. Moscow. 2008. 48 p. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/njfjtj

11. Priestley D.A. Seed Ageing: Implication for seed storage and persistence in the soil. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, New York, London. 1986. 304 р.

12. Bukharov A.F., Baleev D.N., Soldatenko A.V. etc. Impacts of high temperature on embryonic growth and seed germination of dill (Anethum graveolens). Seed Science and Technology. 2021;49(1):7- 17. https://doi.org/10.15258/sst.2021.49.1.02

13. Das M., Ghosh D. Quantitative effect of musical sound on seed germination kinetics in Pisum sativum. Ecology, environment and conservation. 2022:28(1);357-361. https://doi.org/10.53550/EEC.2022.v28i01.053

14. Ksenz N.V., Khronyuk V.B., Ereshko A.S., Sidortsov I.G. The effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with gradient magnetic fields and electroactivated water on their initial characteristics, plant development and grain yield. Bulletin of Agrarian Science of the Don. 2019;3(47):22-28. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/vbvibo

15. Inyushin V.M. Elementary theory of the biological field. Edition of the Kazakh State University. Alma Ata. 1978. 97 p. (In Russ.)

16. Chislova N.M. The effect of pre-sowing photoactivation of seeds on the productivity of onions, cucumbers and lupines. M., 1988. 26 p. (In Russ.)

17. Paparella S., Araujo S.S., Rossi G. etc. Seed priming: state of the art and new perspectives. Plant Cell Rep. 2015;34(8):1281-1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1784-y

18. Chatterjee N., Sarkar D., Sankar A. etc. On-farm seed priming interventions in agronomic crops. Acta Agric. Slov. 2018;111(3):715-735. https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.3.19

19. Zulfiqar F. Effect of seed priming on horticultural crops. Scientia Hortic. 2021;286:110197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110197

20. Bourke P., Ziuzina D., Boehm D., Cullen P.J., Keener K. The potential of cold plasma for safe and sustainable food production. Trends Biotechnol. 2018;36(6):615-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.11.001

21. Zhu Y.L., Li C.Z., Cui H.Y., Lin L. Feasibility of Cold Plasma for the Control of Biofilms in Food Industry. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020:99(2);142-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.001

22. Aktar M.W., Sengupta D., Chowdhury A. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2009;2(1):1-12. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7

23. Savci S. Investigation of Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on Environment. APCBEE Procedia. 2012;1:287-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.03.047

24. Sharma N., Singhvi R. Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides on Human Health and Environment: A Review. International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2017;10(6):675-680. https://doi.org/10.5958/2230-732X.2017.00083.3

25. Encyclopedia of low-temperature plasma. Series B. Reference applications, databases and data banks. Volume XI-4. Gas and plasma lasers. Edited by S.I. Yakovlenko. M., 2005. 820 p. (In Russ.)

26. Yousfi M., Merbahi N., Sarrette J.P. etc. Non-Thermal Plasma Sources of Production of Active Species for Biomedical Uses: Analyses, Optimization and Prospect. In Biomedical Engineering Frontiers and Challenges; Reza, F.R., Ed.; Intech Europe: Rijeka, Croatia. 2011. Р. 99-124. https://doi.org/10.5772/19129

27. Ehlbeck J., Schnabel U., Polak M. etc. Low Temperature Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Sources for Microbial Decontamination. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2011;44(1):013002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/1/013002

28. Simoncicova J., Krystofova S., Medvecka V., Durisova K., Kalinakova B. Technical Applications of Plasma Treatments: Current State and Perspectives. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2019;103:5117- 5129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09877-x.

29. Khun J., Scholtz V., Hozak P., Fitl P., Julak J. Various DC-driven Point-to-plain Discharges as Non-Thermal Plasma Sources and their Bactericidal Effects. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2018;27(6):065002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aabdd0

30. Kelly S., Turner M. Atomic oxygen patterning from a biomedical needle-plasma source. J. Appl. Phys. 2013;114(12):123301. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4821241

31. Julak J., Hujacova A., Scholtz V., Khun J., Holada K. Contribution to the Chemistry of Plasma-Activated Water. Plasma Phys. Rep. 2018;44(1):125-136. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063780X18010075

32. Al-Sharify Z.T., Al-Sharify T.A., Al-Azawi A.M. Investigative Study on the Interaction and Applications of Plasma Activated Water (PAW). IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2020;870:012042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012042

33. Zhou R., Zhou R., Wang P. etc. Plasma-Activated Water: Generation, Origin of Reactive Species and Biological Applications. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2020;53(30):303001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab81cf

34. Tendero C., Tixier C., Tristant P., Desmaison J., Leprince P. Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas: A Review. Spectrochim. Acta B. 2006;61(1):2-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2005.10.003

35. Scholtz V., Pazlarova J., Souskova H., Khun J., Julаk J. Non-thermal Plasma – A Tool for Decontamination and Disinfection. Biotechnol. Adv. 2015;33(6Pt2):1108-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.002

36. Shintani H., Sakudo A. Gas Plasma Sterilization in Microbiology. Theory, Applications, Pitfalls and New Perspectives. Caister Academic Press: Poole, UK. 2016. 151 р.

37. von Woedtke T., Schmidt A., Bekeschus S., Wende K., Weltmann K.D. Plasma Medicine: A Field of Applied Redox Biology. In Vivo. 2019;33(4):1011-1026. https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11570

38. Metelmann H.R., von Woedtke T., Weltmann K.D. Comprehensive Clinical Plasma Medicine. Cold Physical Plasma for Medical Application. Springer: Cham, Switzerland. 2018. 517 р. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67627-2

39. Julak J., Scholtz V. The Potential for use of Non-thermal Plasma in Microbiology and Medicine. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Imunol. 2020;69(1):29-37.

40. Graves D.B. The Emerging Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Redox Biology and Some Implications for Plasma Applications to Medicine and Biology. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2012;45(26):263001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/45/26/263001

41. Siddique S.S., Hardy G.S.J., Bayliss K.L. Cold Plasma: A Potential New Method to Manage Postharvest Diseases Caused by Fungal Plant Pathogens. Plant Pathol. 2018;67(5):1011-1021. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12825

42. Han Y., Cheng J.H., Sun D.W. Activities and Conformation Changes of Food Enzymes Induced by Cold Plasma: A Review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019;59(5):794-811. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1555131

43. Ekezie E.F.G., Chizoba F.G., Sun D.W., Cheng J.H. A Review on Recent Advances in Cold Plasma Technology for the Food Industry: Current Applications and Future Trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017;69(А):46-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.08.007

44. Pankaj S.K., Wan Z., Keener K.M. Effects of Cold Plasma on Food Quality: A Review. Foods. 2018;7(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7010004

45. Liao X.Y., Cullen P.J., Muhammad A.I. etc. Cold Plasma-Based Hurdle Interventions: New Strategies for Improving Food Safety. Food Eng. Rev. 2020;12(3)321-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-020-09222-3

46. Krapivina S.A., Filippov A.K., Levitskaya T.N., Bakhvalov A. Gas Plasma Treatment of Plant Seeds. U.S. Patent № US5281315A. 1994. 25 р.

47. Zhou Z., Huang Y., Yang S., Chen W. Introduction of a new atmospheric pressure plasma device and application on tomato seeds. Agric. Sci. 2011;2(01):23-27. https://doi.org/10.4236/as.2011.21004

48. Mihai A.L.; Dobrin D.; Magureanu M.; Popa M.E. Possitive effect of non-thermal plasma treatment on radish seed. Rom. Rep. Phys. 2014;66:1110-1117.

49. Lindsay A., Byrns B., King W. etc. Fertilization of radishes, tomatoes, and marigolds using a large-volume atmospheric glow discharge. Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. 2014;34(6):1271-1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-014-9573-x

50. Matra K. Atmospheric non-thermal argon-oxygen plasma for sunflower seedling growth improvement. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2018;57(1S):01AG03. https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.57.01AG03

51. Ahn C., Gill J., Ruzic D.N. Growth of plasma-treated corn seeds under realistic conditions. Sci. Rep. 2019:9(1):4355. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40700-9

52. Kang M.H., Jeon S.S., Shin S.M. etc. Dynamics of nitric oxide level in liquids treated with mi-crowave plasma-generated gas and their effects on spinach development. Sci. Rep. 2019;9(1):1011. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37711-3

53. Judee F., Simon S., Bailly C., Dufour T. Plasma-activation of tap water using DBD for agronomy applications: Identification and quantification of long lifetime chemical species and production / consumption mechanisms. Water Res. 2018:133;47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.035.

54. Adhikari B., Adhikari M., Park G. The Effects of Plasma on Plant Growth, Development, and Sustainability. Appl. Sci. 2020;10(17):6045. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176045

55. Holubova L., Kyzek S., Durovcova I. etc. Non-Thermal Plasma – A New Green Priming Agent for Plants? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(24):9466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21249466

56. Scholtz V., Sera B., Khun J., Sery M., Julak J. Effects of Nonthermal Plasma on Wheat Grains and Products. J. Food Qual. 2019;7917825. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7917825

57. Magallanes Lopez A.M., Simsek S. Pathogens Control on Wheat and Wheat Flour: A Review. Cereal Chem. 2021;98(1):17-30. https://doi.org/10.1002/cche.10345

58. Ten Bosch L., Pfohl K., Avramidis G. etc. Plasma-Based Degradation of Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria Species. Toxins. 2017;9(3):97. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9030097

59. Colovic R., Puvaca N., Cheli F. etc. Decontamination of MycotoxinContaminated Feedstuffs and Compound Feed. Toxins. 2019;11(11):617. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110617

60. Attri P., Ishikawa K., Okumura T., Koga K., Masaharu S.M. Plasma Agriculture from Laboratory to Farm: A Review. Processes. 2020;8(8);1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8081002

61. Adhikari B., Pangomm K., Veerana M., Mitra S., Park G. Plant Disease Control by Non-Thermal Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma. Front. Plant Sci. 2020;11:77. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00077

62. Bormashenko E., Grynyov R., Bormashenko Y., Drori E. Cold radiofrequency plasma treat-ment modifies wettability and germination speed of plant seeds. Sci. Rep. 2012;2(1):741. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00741

63. Mitra A., Li Y.F., Klampfl T.G. etc. Inactivation of surface-borne microorganisms and increased germination of seed specimen by cold atmospheric plasma. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2014;7:645-653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-013-1126-4

64. Wang X.-Q., Zhou R.-W., de Groot G. etc. Spectral characteristics of cotton seeds treated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Sci. Rep. 2017;7(1):5601. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04963-4

65. Ling L., Jiafeng J., Jiangang L. etc. Effects of cold plasma treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean. Sci. Rep. 2014;4:5859. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05859

66. Gomez-Ramirez A., Lopez-Santos C., Cantos M. etc. Surface chemistry and germination improvement of Quinoa seeds subjected to plasma activation. Sci. Rep. 2017;7(1):5924. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06164-5

67. Pawlat J., Starek A., Sujak A. etc. Effects of atmospheric pressure plasma jet operating with DBD on Lavatera thuringiaca L. seeds’ germination. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0194349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0194349

68. Su L., Lan Q., Pritchard H.W., Xue H., Wang X. Reactive oxygen species induced by cold stratification promote germination of Hedysarum scoparium seeds. Plant Physiol. Bioch. 2016;109:406-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.025

69. Mildaziene V., Aleknaviciute V., Zukienė R. etc. Treatment of common sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) seeds with radio-frequency electromagnetic field and cold plasma induces changes in seed phytohormone balance, seedling development and leaf protein expression. Sci. Rep. 2019;9:6437. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42893-5

70. Ji S.H., Choi K.H., Pengkit A. etc. Effects of high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro DBD plasma on seed germination, growth development and physiological activities in spinach. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2016;605:117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.028

71. Rahman M.M., Sajib S.A., Rahi M.S. etc. Mechanisms and signaling associated with LPDBD plasma mediated growth improvement in wheat. Sci. Rep. 2018;8(1):10498. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28960-3

72. Sivachandiran L., Khacef A. Enhanced seed germination and plant growth by atmospheric pressure cold air plasma: Combined effect of seed and water treatment. RSC Adv. 2017;7:1822-1832. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA24762H

73. Jiang J., Lu Y., Li J. etc. Effect of seed treatment by cold plasma on the resistance of tomato to Ralstonia solanacearum (Bacterial Wilt). PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e97753. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097753

74. Ochi A., Konishi H., Ando S. etc. Management of bakanae and bacterial seedling blight diseases in nurseries by irradiating rice seeds with atmospheric plasma. Plant Pathol. 2016;66(1):67-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12555

75. Perez Piza M.C., Prevosto L., Zilli C. etc. Effects of non-thermal plasmas on seed-borne Diaporthe / Phomopsis complex and germination parameters of soybean seeds. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2018;49:82-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2018.07.009

76. Perez-Piza M.C., Prevosto L., Grijalba P.E. etc. Improvement of growth and yield of soybean plants through the application of non-thermal plasmas to seeds with different health statuses. Heliyon. 2019;5(4):e01495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01495

77. Perez S.M., Biondi E., Laurita R. etc. Plasma activated water as resistance inducer against the bacterial leaf spot of tomato. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0217788. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217788

78. Danilejko Y.K., Belov S.V., Egorov A.B. etc. Increase of productivity and neutralization of pathological processes in plants of grain and fruit crops with the help of aqueous solutions activated by plasma of high-frequency glow discharge. Plants. 2021;10(10):2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10102161

79. Shumeyko S.A., Yanykin D.V., Paskhin M.O. etc. The Effect of Liquids Activated by Plasma Generated with a Microwave Plasmatron and High-Frequency Glow Discharge on Cotton Plant Development. Plants. 2025;14:304. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030304

80. Sera B., Scholtz V., Jiresova J. etc. Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma Treatment on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Leguminous Plants – A Review. Plants. 2021;10:1616. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10081616

81. Interstate standard GOST 12038-84 «Seeds of agricultural crops. Methods for determining germination». (In Russ.)

82. Chumakov A.E. Basic methods of phytopathological research. Nauch. tr. VASHNIL. M.: Kolos. 1974. 192 p. (In Russ.) 82. Dospekhov B.A. Field experiment technique. M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. 351 p. (In Russ.)