Цитоплазматическая мужская стерильность Beta vulgaris L., молекулярно-генетические механизмы и применение в гибридной селекции (обзор)

Актуальность. В контексте задач Доктрины продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации особую актуальность приобретает селекционно-семеноводческая работа по созданию отечественных гетерозисных гибридов свёклы столовой (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef.). Обзор посвящен комплексному анализу признака цитоплазматической мужской стерильности (ЦМС), как технологической основы гибридной селекции в целом, так и его проявлению у вида Beta vulgaris L., включая свёклу столовую.

Результаты. Рассмотрен ряд биологических особенностей репродуктивной системы и сопряженных с ЦМС признаков у свёклы столовой. Уделено внимание тканеспецифичности проявления ЦМС, связанной со сбоем работы митохондрий в клетках тапетума питательного слоя, развивающихся пыльцевых зерен, приводящим к нарушению мужских репродуктивных функций. ЦМС характеризуется наследованием по материнской линии и на молекулярном уровне контролируется взаимодействием митохондриального (определяющего стерильный фенотип) и ядерного (способного восстанавливать фертильность) геномов. У свёклы столовой признак ЦМС отличается вариабельностью по степени стерильности пыльцы. Информативными маркерами для визуальной оценки стерильных фенотипов служат специфические изменения окраски (от розовой до коричневой) и морфологии пыльников (щуплость, деформация). В обзоре рассмотрены и охарактеризованы на молекулярно-генетическом уровне основные типы ЦМС вида Beta vulgaris L. (Owen, G, E), каждый из которых ассоциирован с уникальной структурой химерных митохондриальных открытых рамок считывания (S-orf). Экспрессия этих митохондриальных генов нарушает клеточный энергообмен. Восстановление фертильности происходит за счёт действия ядерных генов-восстановителей (Rf), продукты которых, вероятно, подавляют или нейтрализуют действие S-orf. Обсуждаются перспективы использования молекулярных маркеров, тесно сцепленных с митохондриальными генами ЦМС и ядерными Rf-генами, для маркер-опосредованного отбора (MAS) стерильных и фертильных форм на ранних этапах создания родительских линий, что значительно ускорит процесс получения коммерческих гибридов.

Заключение. Углубление исследований молекулярных основ ЦМС и разработка на их основе современных селекционных технологий обеспечит научно-технологическую базу для формирования конкурентоспособного овощеводства свёклы столовой.

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