ovoshchiОвощи РоссииVegetable crops of Russia2072-91462618-7132Федеральный научный центр овощеводства10.18619/2072-9146-2026-2-28-36ovoshchi-2917Research ArticleСЕЛЕКЦИЯ, СЕМЕНОВОДСТВО И БИОТЕХНОЛОГИЯ РАСТЕНИЙBREEDING, SEED PRODUCTION AND PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGYЦитоплазматическая мужская стерильность Beta vulgaris L., молекулярно-генетические механизмы и применение в гибридной селекции (обзор)Cytoplasmic male sterility in Beta vulgaris L., molecular-genetic mechanisms and application in hybrid breeding (review)https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2566-6892БландинскаяО. A.BlandinskayaO. A.

Ольга Андреевна Бландинская – кандидат с.-х. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаб. молекулярной генетики и цитологии

143072, Московская область, Одинцовский район, п. ВНИИССОК, ул. Селекционная, д.14

Olga A. Blandinskaya – Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytology

14, Selectsionnaya str., VNIISSOK, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, 143072

olga_blandinskaya@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9897-0413ВетроваС. А.VetrovaS. A.

Светлана Александровна Ветрова – кандидат с.-х. наук, старший научный сотрудник лаб. молекулярно-иммунологических исследований

143072, Московская область, Одинцовский район, п. ВНИИССОК, ул. Селекционная, д.14

Svetlana A. Vetrova – Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory Molecular Immunological Research

14, Selectsionnaya str., VNIISSOK, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, 143072

lana-k2201@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1319-5631КозарьЕ. Г.KozarE. G.

Елена Георгиевна Козарь – кандидат с.-х. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаб. молекулярно-иммунологических исследований

143072, Московская область, Одинцовский район, п. ВНИИССОК, ул. Селекционная, д.14

Elena G. Kozar – Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory Molecular Immunological Research

14, Selectsionnaya str., VNIISSOK, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, 143072

kozar_eg@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5617-9498ДомблидесА. С.DomblidesA. S.

Артур Сергеевич Домблидес – доктор с.-х. наук, главный научный сотрудник лаб. молекулярной генетики и цитологии

143072, Московская область, Одинцовский район, п. ВНИИССОК, ул. Селекционная, д.14

Arthur S. Domblides – Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Cytology

14, Selectsionnaya str., VNIISSOK, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, 143072

arthurdom@inbox.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение "Федеральный научный центр овощеводства" (ФГБНУ ФНЦО)РоссияFederal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC)Russian Federation202603052026022836Copyright © Бландинская О.A., Ветрова С.А., Козарь Е.Г., Домблидес А.С., 20262026Бландинская О.A., Ветрова С.А., Козарь Е.Г., Домблидес А.С.Blandinskaya O.A., Vetrova S.A., Kozar E.G., Domblides A.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vegetables.su/jour/article/view/2917Актуальность

Актуальность. В контексте задач Доктрины продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации особую актуальность приобретает селекционно-семеноводческая работа по созданию отечественных гетерозисных гибридов свёклы столовой (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef.). Обзор посвящен комплексному анализу признака цитоплазматической мужской стерильности (ЦМС), как технологической основы гибридной селекции в целом, так и его проявлению у вида Beta vulgaris L., включая свёклу столовую.

Результаты

Результаты. Рассмотрен ряд биологических особенностей репродуктивной системы и сопряженных с ЦМС признаков у свёклы столовой. Уделено внимание тканеспецифичности проявления ЦМС, связанной со сбоем работы митохондрий в клетках тапетума питательного слоя, развивающихся пыльцевых зерен, приводящим к нарушению мужских репродуктивных функций. ЦМС характеризуется наследованием по материнской линии и на молекулярном уровне контролируется взаимодействием митохондриального (определяющего стерильный фенотип) и ядерного (способного восстанавливать фертильность) геномов. У свёклы столовой признак ЦМС отличается вариабельностью по степени стерильности пыльцы. Информативными маркерами для визуальной оценки стерильных фенотипов служат специфические изменения окраски (от розовой до коричневой) и морфологии пыльников (щуплость, деформация). В обзоре рассмотрены и охарактеризованы на молекулярно-генетическом уровне основные типы ЦМС вида Beta vulgaris L. (Owen, G, E), каждый из которых ассоциирован с уникальной структурой химерных митохондриальных открытых рамок считывания (S-orf). Экспрессия этих митохондриальных генов нарушает клеточный энергообмен. Восстановление фертильности происходит за счёт действия ядерных генов-восстановителей (Rf), продукты которых, вероятно, подавляют или нейтрализуют действие S-orf. Обсуждаются перспективы использования молекулярных маркеров, тесно сцепленных с митохондриальными генами ЦМС и ядерными Rf-генами, для маркер-опосредованного отбора (MAS) стерильных и фертильных форм на ранних этапах создания родительских линий, что значительно ускорит процесс получения коммерческих гибридов.

Заключение

Заключение. Углубление исследований молекулярных основ ЦМС и разработка на их основе современных селекционных технологий обеспечит научно-технологическую базу для формирования конкурентоспособного овощеводства свёклы столовой.

Relevance

Relevance. In the context of the objectives of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation, breeding and seed production work to develop domestic heterotic hybrids of table beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef.) is particularly relevant. This review is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) trait, both as a technological basis for hybrid breeding in general and as it manifests in Beta vulgaris L., including table beet.

Results

Results. A number of biological features of the reproductive system and traits associated with CMS in table beet are examined. Attention is paid to the tissue-specific manifestation of CMS, associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in the cells of the tapetum the nutrient layer of developing pollen grains leading to impaired male reproductive function. CMS is characterized by maternal inheritance and is molecularly controlled by the interaction of the mitochondrial (determining the sterile phenotype) and nuclear (capable of restoring fertility) genomes. In red beet, the CMS trait is characterized by variability in the degree of pollen sterility. Specific changes in anther color (from pink to brown) and morphology (shrinkage, deformation) serve as informative markers for the visual assessment of sterile phenotypes. This review examines and characterizes the main CMS types in the species Beta vulgaris L. (Owen, G, E) at the molecular genetic level. Each type is associated with a unique structure of chimeric mitochondrial open reading frames (S-orf). Expression of these mitochondrial genes disrupts cellular energy metabolism. Fertility restoration occurs through the action of nuclear restorer genes (Rf), whose products likely suppress or neutralize the action of Sorf. The potential for using molecular markers tightly linked to mitochondrial CMS genes and nuclear Rf genes for marker-assisted selection (MAS) of sterile and fertile forms at the early stages of parental line development is discussed, significantly accelerating the process of producing commercial hybrids.

Conclusion

Conclusion. Deeper research into the molecular basis of CMS and the development of modern breeding technologies based on these studies will provide the scientific and technological foundation for the development of competitive beet vegetable production.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.