Garlic and its processing products, prospects of their utilization
https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2024-6-75-83
Abstract
Relevance. Garlic is one of the most popular agricultural crops characterized by high nutritional value and unique chemical composition providing significant beneficial effect on human health.
Methods. The review summarizes the most significant publications on garlic biochemical composition, utilization in medicine, human nutrition and agriculture for a period from 1988 to 2024 with the predominant utilization of Scopus and WoS publications.
Results. The diversity of garlic processing products (fresh, dry powder, ‘Green' garlic, Laba garlic, garlic essential oil macerate, ethanolic extract (‘aged garlic extract' AGE) and black garlic) provides the diversity of biochemical composition and the direction of biological effect. The possibility to utilize both garlic bulbs, leaves, stems and peel in medicine and agriculture (for yield and stress resistance improvement) are the most important factors for successful waste free production and wide utilization of garlic.
Supporting agencies: The authors are grateful to Yuryev A.N. and Bogdanov A.V. for their active support and valuable comments in connection with the discussion of the review topic.
About the Authors
N. A. Golubkina
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Nadezhda A. Golubkina - Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Head Researcher of Laboratory-Analytical Department.
14, Selectsionnaya str., VNIISSOK, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, 143072
V. I. Nemtinov
Crimean Agricultural Institute
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Viktor I. Nemtinov - Dr. Sci. (Agriculture), Head Researcher of Department of selection and seed production of vegetable and melon crops.
150, Kievskaya str., Simferopol, Republic of Crimea, 295043
V. I. Tereshonok
Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Federal Scientific Vegetable Center (FSBSI FSVC)
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Vladimir I. Tereshonok - Cand. Sci. (Agriculture), Senior Researcher of Laboratory-Analytical Department.
14, Selectsionnaya str., VNIISSOK, Odintsovo district, Moscow region, 143072
References
1. De La Cruz M.J., Garaa H.S. Garlic: postharvest operations. FAO, 2007.
2. Koscielny J., Klussendorf D., Latza R., Schmitt R., Radtke H., Siegel G., Kiesewetter H. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis. 1999;(144)%237-249.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00060-X
3. Campbell J.H., Efendy J.L., Smith N.J., Campbell G.R. Molecular basis by which garlic suppresses atherosclerosis. J. Nutr. 2001;(131):1006S-1009S.
4. El-Saber Batiha G., Beshbishy A.M., Wasef L.G., Elewa Y.H.A., Al-Sagan A.A., Abd El-Hack M.E., Taha A.E., Abd-Elhakim Y.M., Devkota H.P. Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review. Nutrients. 2020;(12):872. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030872
5. Mondal A., Banerjee S., Bose S., Mazumder S., Haber R.A., Farzaei M.H., Bishayee A. Garlic constituents for cancer prevention and therapy: From phytochemistry to novel formulations, Pharmacol. Res. 2022;(175):105837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105837
6. Aviello G., Abenavoli L., Borrelli F., Capasso R., Izzo A., Lembo F., Romano B. Gar-lic: Empiricism or science? Nat. Prod. Commun. 2009;(4):1785-1796.
7. Berginc K., Kristl A. The mechanisms responsible for garlic - drug interactions and their in vivo relevance. Curr. Drug Metab. 2013;(14):90-101. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920013804545188
8. Skoczylas J., Jędrszczyk E., Dziadek K., Dacewicz E., Kopeć A. Basic Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Selected Polyphenolic Compounds Profile in Garlic Leaves and Bulbs Collected at Various Stages of Development. Molecules. 2023;(28):6653. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186653
9. Bayan L., Koulivand P.H., Gorji A. Garlic: A review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 2014;(4):1-14.
10. Fesseha H., Goa E. Therapeutic value of garlic (Allium sativum): A Review. Adv. Food Technol. Nutr. Sci. Open J. 2019;(5):107-117.
11. Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory effect of some naturally occurring sulphur-containing compounds. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000;(72):93-99.
12. Torres K.A.M., Lima S.M.R.R., Torres L.M.B., Gamberini M.T., Silva Junior P.I.D. Garlic: An Alternative Treatment for Group B Streptococcus. Microbiol. Spectr. 2021;(9):e0017021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1149854/v1
13. Lee J., Gupta S., Huang J-S., Jayathilaka P., Lee B-S. HPLC-MTT assay: Anticancer activity of aqueous garlic extract is from allicin. Anal Biochem. 2013;(436):187-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2013.01.033
14. Ashfaq F., Ali Q., Haider M.A., Hafeez M.M., Malik A. Therapeutic activities of garlic constituent phytochemicals. Biol. Clin. Sci. Res. J. 2021;(2021):7. https://doi.org/10.47264/bcsrj0201007
15. Tapiero H., Townsend D.M., Tew K.D. Organosulfur compounds from alliaceae in the prevention of human pathologies.Biomed Pharmacother. 2004;(58):183-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2004.01.004
16. Nasr A.Y. The impact of aged garlic extract on adriamycin-induced testicular changes in adult male Wistar rats. Acta Histochem. 2017;(119):648-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2017.07.006
17. Hammami I., Nahdi A., Atig F., Kouidhi W., Amri M., Mokni M. Effects of garlic fractions consumption on male reproductive functions. J. Med. Food. 2013, 16, 82-87. doi:10.1089/jmf.2011.0335.
18. Rivlin R.S. Historical Perspective on the Use of Garlic. J. Nutr., 2001, 131(3), 951S-954S. doi:10.1093/jn/131.3.951S
19. Kallel F., Ellouz S.E. Perspective of Garlic Processing Wastes as Low Cost Substrates for Production of High-Added Value Products: A Review. Environ. Prog. Sust. Energy. 2017;36(6):12649. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12649
20. Kallel F., Driss D., Chaari F., Belghith L., Bouaziz F., Ghorbel R. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) husk waste as a potential source of phenolic compounds: influence of extracting solvents on its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Ind. Crop Prod. 2014;(62):34-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.07.047
21. Shang A., Cao S.Y., Xu X.Y., Gan R.Y., Tang G.Y., Corke H., Mavumengwana V., Li H.B. Bioactive Compounds and Biological Functions of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods. 2019;8(7):246. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8070246
22. Borlinghaus J., Albrecht F., Gruhlke M.C.H., Nwachukwu I.D., Slusarenko A.J. Allicin: Chemistry and Biological Properties. Molecules. 2014;(19):12591-12618. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19081259
23. Wanyika H.N., Gachanja A.N., Kenji G.M., Keriko J.M., Mwangi A.N. A rapid method based on UV spectrophotometry for quantitative determination of allicin in aqueous garlic extracts. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2011;(12):77-84.
24. Kaschula C.H., Hunter R., Parker M.I. Garlic-derived anticancer agents: Structure and biological activity of ajoene. Biofactors. 2010;36(1):78-85. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.76
25. Maghal M.H. Garlic Polyphenols: A Diet Based Therapy. Biomed. J. Sci. Tech. Res. 2019;15(4):11453-11458. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.15.002721
26. Ceryova N., Lidikova J., Pinter E., Snirc M., Frankova H., Norbova M., Fedorkova S. Total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of garlic (Allium sativum L.) ciltivars. J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci. 2023;13(1):e9668. https://doi.org/10.55251/jmbfs.9668
27. Arzanlou M, Bohlooli S. Introducing of green garlic plant as a new source of allicin. Food Chemistry. 2010;120(1):179-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.004.
28. Sukkaew P., Tiraumphon A. Effects of storage conditions on allicin content in garlic (Allium sativum). Acta Hortiv. 2012;(969):209-212.
29. Naheed Z., Cheng Z., Wu C., Wen Y., Ding H. Total Polyphenols, total flavonoid, allicin and antioxidant capacities in garlic scape cultivars during controlled atmosphere storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 2017;(131):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.05.002
30. Staba E.J, Staba J.E., Lash L. A Commentary on the Effects of Garlic Extraction and Formulation on Product Composition. J. Nutr. 2001;131(3):1118S-1119S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.1118S
31. Lawson L.D. Garlic: a review of its medicinal effects and indicated active compounds. In: Lawson LD, Bauer R, editors. Phytomedicines of Europe: Chemistry and Biological Activity. Washington, DC, USA: American Chemical Society. 1998. P. 179-209. (ACS Symposium Series 691).
32. Amagase H., Petesch B.L., Matsuura H., Kasuga S., Itakura Y. Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J. Nutr. 2001;131(3s):955S-962S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.955s
33. Dziri S., Casabianca H., Hanchi B., Hosni K. Composition of garlic essential oil (Allium sativum L.) as influenced by drying method. J. Ess. Oil Res. 2014;26(2):91-96; https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2013.868329
34. Kimura S., Tung Y.C., Pan M.H., Su N.W., Lai Y.J., Cheng K.C. Black garlic: A criti-cal review of its production, bioactivity, and application. J. Food Drug Anal. 2017;(25):62-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.003
35. Lu J., Li N., Li S., Liu W., Li M., Zhang M., Chen H. Biochemical Composition, Anti-oxidant Activity and Antiproliferative Effects of Different Processed Garlic Products. Molecules. 2023;28(2):804. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020804
36. Gao X.D., Chen Y., Chen Z.Q., Xue Z.H., Jia Y.N., Guo Q.W., Ma Q.Q., Zhang M., Chen H.X. Identification and antimicrobial activity evaluation of three peptides from laba garlic and the related mechanism. Food Funct. 2019;(10):4486-4496. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9FO00236G
37. Gao X., Xue Z., Ma Q., Guo Q., Xing L., Kumar Santhanam R., Zhang M., Chen H. Antioxidant and antihypertensive effects of garlic protein and its hydrolysates and the related mechanism. J. Food Biochem. 2019;(44):13126. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfbc.13126
38. Sabater-Molina M., Larque E., Torrella F., Zamora S. Dietary fructooligosaccharides and potential benefits on health. J Physiol Biochem. 2009;(65):315-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03180584
39. Liu J., Guo W., Yang M., Liu L., Huang S., Tao L., Zhang F., Liu Y. Investigation of the dynamic changes in the chemical constituents of Chinese "Laba" garlic during traditional processing. RSC Adv. 2018;8(73):41872-41883. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09657k
40. Verma T., Aggarwal A., Dey P., Chauhan A.K., Rashid S., Chen K.T., Sharma R. Medicinal and therapeutic properties of garlic, garlic essential oil, and garlic-based snack food: An updated review. Front Nutr. 2023;(10):1120377. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1120377
41. Miao Q., Wang R., Bai D., Xue X., Xu J., Sun X., Liu L. Antiatherosclerosis Properties of Total Saponins of Garlic in Rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020;27:2020:3683659. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3683659
42. Kodera Y., Kurita M., Nakamoto M., Matsutomo T. Chemistry of aged garlic: Diversity of constituents in aged garlic extract and their production mechanisms via the combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions. Exp Ther Med. 2020;19(2):1574-1584. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2019.8393
43. Ahmed T., Wang C.-K. Black Garlic and Its Bioactive Compounds on Human Health Diseases: A Review. Molecules. 2021;(26):5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26165028
44. Azmat F., Imran A., Islam F., Afzaal M., Zahoor T., Akramd R., Aggarwale S., Rehman M., Naaz S., Ashraf S., Hussain G., Suleriag H.A.R., Alih Q., Bibia M., Batoola F., Gula F., Amjad N., Shah M.A. Valorization of the phytochemical profile, nutritional composition, and therapeutic potentials of garlic peel: a concurrent review. Int. J. Food Properties. 2023;26(1):2642-2655. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2023.2251713
45. Golubkina N.A., Seredin T.M., Koshevarov A.A., Shilo L.M., Baranova H.V., Pavlov L.V. Powder of garlic fortified with selenium. Trace elements in Medicine. 2018;19(1):43-50. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/osozcb https://doi.org/10.19112/2413-6174-2018-19-1-43-50
46. Chitsaz H., Oraji H., Amirkolaie A.K., Akrami R. Effect of garlic peel on haematological, biochemical and digestiveenzyme activity in beluga juvenile (Huso huso). Iranian J. Aq. Animal Health. 2018;4(1):13-28.
47. Ifesan B.O.T., Fadipe E.A. Investigation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Proper-ties of Garlic Peel Extract (Allium sativum) and Its Use as Natural Food Additive in Cooked Beef. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 2014;3(5):711-721. https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2014/5726
48. Salim M.H., Kassab Z., Abdellaoui Y., Garaa - Cruz A.R., Soumare A., Ablouh E., El Achaby M. Exploration of multifunctional properties of garlic skin derived cellulose nanocrystals and extracts incorporated chitosan biocomposite films for active packaging application. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022;(210):639-653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.220
49. Ichikawa M., Ryu K., Yoshida J., Ide N., Kodera Y., Sasaoka T., Rosen R.T. Identification of six phenylpropanoids from garlic skin as major antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(25):7313-7317. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf034791a
50. Louis X.L., Murphy R., Thandapilly S.J., Yu L., Netticadan T. Garlic extracts prevent ox-idative stress, hypertrophy and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes: a role for nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2012;(12):140. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-140
51. Wu Z., Li J., Guo D., Guan Q., Li H. Two cinnamoyloctopamine antioxidants from garlic skin attenuates oxidative stress and liver pathology in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Phytomedicine. 2015;(22):178-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.013
52. Chen J., Huang G., Xiong H., Qin H., Zhang H., Sun Y., Dong X., Lei Y., Zhao Y., Zhao Z. Effects of Mixing Garlic Skin on Fermentation Quality, Microbial Community of High-Moisture Pennisetum hydridum Silage. Front. Microbiol. 2021;(12):770591. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.770591
53. Kang M.S., Jang H.J., Kim J.M., Jo H.J., Park K.M., Chung Y.-H., Han D.-W. (2024), Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Garlic Extracts in 3D Bioprinted Skin Equivalents. Adv. NanoBiomed. Res. 2024;(4):2400007. https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202400007
54. Singiri J.R., Swetha B., Ben-Natan A., Grafi G. What Worth the Garlic Peel. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(4):2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042126
55. Phan A.D.T., Netzel G., Chhim P., Netzel M.E., Sultanbawa Y. Phytochemical character-istics and antimicrobial activity of Australian grown garlic (Allium sativum L.) Cultivars. Foods. 2019;(8):358. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8090358
56. Kallel F., Ellouz S.C. Biovalorization of Garlic Waste to Produce High Value-Added Products. In book: Roots, Tubers, and Bulb Crop Wastes: Management by Biorefinery Approaches. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8266-0_14
57. Golubkina N., Skrypnik L., Logvinenko L., Zayachkovsky V., Smirnova A., Kriv-enkov L., Romanov V., Kharchenko V., Poluboyarinov P., Sekara A. The ‘Edge Effect' Phenomenon in Plants: Morphological, Biochemical and Mineral Characteristics of Border Tissues. Diversity. 2023;(15):123. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15010123
58. Golubkina N.A., Papazian T.T. Selenium in nitrition. Plants, animals and human beings. Moscow, 2006. 254 p. ISBN 5-98467-002-X. https://www.elibrary.ru/qlmuhd
59. Dong Y., Zhang J., Xie A., Yue X., Li M., Zhou Q. Garlic peel extract as an antioxidant inhibits triple-negative breast tumor growth and angiogenesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Food Sci.Nutr. 2024;(10):1010. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.4320
60. Golubkina N., Kharchenko V., Moldovan A., Antoshkina M., Ushakova O., S^kara A., Stoleru V., Murariu O.C., Tallarita A.V., Sannino M., Caruso G. Effect of Selenium and Garlic Extract Treatments of Seed-Addressed Lettuce Plants on Biofortification Level, Seed Productivity and Mature Plant Yield and Quality. Plants. 2024;13(9):1190. https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/9/1190#
61. Strath H. EP 1609363A1 Use of garlic extract for systemic treatment of growing crops. 2005.06.01.
62. Golubkina N.A., Zayachkovsky V.A. Comparative evaluation of Raphanus sativus var. lobodefense efficiency against Contarinia nasturtiiusing foliar application of sodium selenate, ionic silicon form and garlic extract. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2024;(4):23-27. https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2024-4-23-27https://elibrary.ru/hcunwb
63. Ali M., Ahmad H., Hayat S., Chani M.I., Aim B., Atif M.J., Wali K., Cgeng A. Application of garlic allelochemisals improves frowth and induces defense repsonses in eggplant (Solanum melongena) against Verticillium dahliae. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2021;(215):112132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112132
64. Hayat S., Ahmad H., Ali M., Ren K., Cheng Z. Aqueous garlic extract stimulates growth and antioxidant enzymes activity of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Sci. Hort. 2018;(240):139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.06.011
65. Blanchar A., Limache F. Les Stimulateurs des Defenses Naturelles des Plantes (SDN). 2005. Available online: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01857661/document
66. Hardiansyah M.Y., Al Ridho A.F. Nurhidayat The Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract Pesticides in Repelling Rice Eating Bird Pests. Indonesian J. Agric. Res. 2020;3(3):145-152. https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i3.3947
67. Golubkina N., Zayachkovsky V., Sheshnitsan S., Skrypnik L., Antoshkina M., Smirnova A., Fedotov M., Caruso G. Prospects of the Application of Garlic Extracts and Selenium and Silicon Compounds for Plant Protection against Herbivorous Pests: A Review. Agriculture. 2022;(12):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010064
68. Chang Y., Lee S.-H., Na J.H., Chang P.-S., Han J. Protection of Grain Products from Sitophilus oryzae(L.) Contamination by Anti-Insect Pest Repellent Sachet Containing Allyl Mercaptan Microcapsule. J. Food Sci. 2017;(82):2634-2642. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13931
69. Prowse G.M., Galloway T.S., Foggo A. Insecticidal activity of garlic juice in two dipteran pests. Agric. For. Entomol. 2006;8(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9555.2006.00273.x
70. Denloye A.A. Bioactivity of Powder and Extracts from Garlic, Allium sativum L. (Alliaceae) and Spring Onion, Allium fistulosum L. (Alliaceae) against Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp (Leguminosae) Seeds. J. Enthomol.2010;2010: 958348. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/958348
Review
For citations:
Golubkina N.A., Nemtinov V.I., Tereshonok V.I. Garlic and its processing products, prospects of their utilization. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2024;(6):75-83. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2024-6-75-83
Views:
245
Email this article 