Изучение влияния регуляторов роста и орошения на ремобилизацию и налив зерна мягкой пшеницы в условиях тропического климата

Чтобы изучить скорость ремобилизации пшеницы, под влиянием регуляторов роста, в Южном Иране в 2017-2019 годах был проведён полевой эксперимент с разделением и тройным циклом в полностью рандомизированных кварталах. Основные участки – два режима орошения (регулярное орошение и перерыв в орошении на стадии созревания зерна), два сорта пшеницы (Chamran 2 и Durum Karkheh) находившиеся на дополнительных участках, и четыре варианта с регуляторами роста (контроль (отсутствие регулятора роста), салициловая кислота, жасмоновая кислота и цитокинин), помещённые в подподраздельные участки. Результаты показали значительное влияние трёх факторов на урожайность зерна. Самая высокая урожайность зерна (4803 кг/га) отмечена у сорта Chamran 2 при полном орошении и с обработкой салициловой кислотой. При том, что урожайность зерна сорта Durum Karkheh снизилась на 15,5%. при прекращении орошения на стадии пополнения зерна и отсутствия применения регуляторов роста обработка салициловой кислотой позволила ослабить негативное влияние давления засухи на урожайность зерна. Наибольший фотосинтез и его влияние наблюдались при полном орошении. Более того, режим регулярного орошения и регуляторы роста оказали значительное влияние на пролин, фермент каталазу и устьичную проводимость. В итоге результаты показали, что использование салициловой кислоты на сорте Chamran 2 позволяет увеличить рост и урожайность зерна и снизить потери под влиянием стрессовых условий.

1. Agarwal S.K.R., Sairam G.C., Srivastava T., Aruna C.R., Meena R. Role of ABA, salicylic acid, calcium and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant enzyme induction in wheat seedlings. Plant Science. 2005;169:559-570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.004

2. Ananieva A.E., Christov L.P., Popova D. Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid leads to increased antioxidant capacity in leaves of barley plants exposed to paraquat. Journal of Plant Physiology. 2004;161:319328. https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-01022

3. Anjum S.A., Wang L.C., Farooq M., Hussain M., Xue L.L., Zou C.M.Brassinolide application improves the drought tolerance in maize through modulation of enzymatic antioxidants and leaf gas exchange. Journal of Agronomy of Crop Science. 2011;197:177-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2010.00459.x

4. Ardalani S., Saeidi M., Abdoli M. Agronomic traits, photosynthesisand gas exchange variables of wheat genotypes in response to water deficit during vegetative growth period. Environmental and Experimental Biology. 2016;14(4):157-162. http://doi.org/10.22364/eeb.14.22

5. Ashraf M. Inducing drought tolerance in plants: some recentadvances. Biotechnology Advances. 2010;28:169-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.005

6. Ashraf M., Foolad M.R. Roles of glycine betaine and proline inimproving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2007;59:206-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006

7. Bahrani A., Heidari Sharif Abad H., Tahmasebi Sarvestani Z.,Moafpourian G.H., Ayneh Band A. Remobilization of dry matter in wheat: effects of nitrogen application and post-anthesis water deficit during grain filling. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 2011;39(4):279-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2011.599397

8. Bani Saidi A.K., Motamedi M. The effect of nitrogen consumption ongrain yield and dry matter transfer of corn under drought stress condi- tions. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology. 2019;41:77-68. (In Persian) https://www.magiran.com/volume/153052

9. Bates L.S., Waldren R.P., Teare L.D. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil. 1973;39:205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060

10. Boominathan R., Doran P.M. Ni induced oxidative stress in roots ofthe Ni hyperaccumulator, Alyssum bertolonii. New Phytologist. 2002;156:205-215. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00506.x

11. Dong B., Zheng X., Liu H., Able J.A., Yang H., Zhao H. Effects of drought stress on pollen sterility, grain yield, abscisic acid and protective enzymes in two Winter wheat cultivars. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:1008. https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2017.01008

12. Ertek A., Kara B. Yield and quality of sweet corn under deficit irrigation. Agricultural Water Management. 2013;129:138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.07.012

13. Fairoj S.A., Islam M.M., Islam M.A., Zaman E., Momtaz M.B.,Hossain, M.S., Jahan N.A., Shams S.N.U., Urmi T.A., Rasel M.A., … Murata Y. Salicylic acid improves agro-morphology, yield and ion accumulation of two Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes by ameliorating the impact of salt stress. Agronomy. 2023;13:25. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010025

14. Fan Y., Lv Z., Li Y., Qin B., Song Q., Ma L., … Huang Z. Salicylic acidreduces wheat yield loss caused by high temperature stress by enhancing the photosynthetic performance of the flag leaves. Agronomy. 2022;12(6):1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061386

15. Ghatei A., Bakhshandeh A., Abdali Mashhadi A., Siadat S.A., Alamisaeid K., Gharineh M. Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels and Cytokinin Foliar Application on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat at Terminal Heat Stress Conditions in Ahwaz. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2015;5(16):107-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.5.16.97

16. Haghjoo M., Bahrani A. Grain yield, dry matter remobilization andchlorophyll content in maize (Zea mays L.) as influenced by nitrogen and water deficit. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 2015;44(3):359-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i3.38540

17. Hayat Q., Hayat S., Irfan M., Ahmad A. Effect of exogenous salicylicacid under changing environment: A review. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2010;68:14-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.08.005

18. Hossain A., Sarker M., Hakim M., Lozovskaya M., Zvolinsky V. Effectof temperature on yield and some agronomic characters of spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. International Journal of Agricultural Research Innovation and Technology. 2013;1(29):44-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v1i1-2.13932

19. Madadi A., Fallah S.A. The effect of proline and salicylic acid on physiological parameters and yield of silage maize under different moisture regimes. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 2018;8(1):15-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jcpp.8.1.15

20. Maes W.H., Achten W.M.J., Reubens B., Raes D., Samson R., MuysB. Plant water relationships and growth strategies of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings under different levels of drought stress. Journal of Arid Environment. 2009;73:877-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.04.013

21. Modhej A., Naderi A., Emam Y., Aynehband A., Normohamadi Gh.Effects of post-anthesis heat stress and nitrogen levels on grain yield in wheat (T. durum and T. aestivum) genotypes. International Journal of Plant Production. 2020;2(3):257-268. https://doi.org/10.22069/ijpp.2012.617

22. Mousavoey M., Jahanbakhshgade-Kahriz S., Modaresi M., ParmoonQ., Ebadi A., Kohan mo M.A. Effect of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on yield and yield components of Milk thistle under heat stress conditions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 2021;34(4):1-14. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23832592.1400.34.4.5.8

23. Oweis T., Hachum A. Water harvesting and supplemental irrigationfor improved water productivity of dry farming systems in West Asia and North Africa. Agricultural Water Management. 2006;80:57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.004

24. Pakdaman N., Javanshah A., Nadi M. The effect of humic and fulvicacids as bio-fertilizers on the growth of Pistacia vera seedlings under alkaline conditions. Pistachio and Health Journal. 2018;1(4):13-20. https://doi:10.22123/phj.2019.154962.1020.

25. Popova L.P., Maslenkova L.T., Yordanova R.Y., Ivanova A.P.,Krantev A.P., Szalai G., Janda T. Exogenous treatment with salicylic acid attenuates cadmium toxicity in pea seedlings. Plant Physiology Biochemical. 2009;47:224-231. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23222727.1391.1.1.5.2

26. Rivas-San Vicente M., Plasencia J. Salicylic acid beyond defence: itsrole in plant growth and development. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2011;62(10):3321-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err031

27. Sadaqat M.A., Emam Y. Effect of application of plant growth regulators on growth and grain yield of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under terminal drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 2016;19(2):147-132. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.15625540.1396.19.2.4.2

28. Safari M., Arghavani M., Kheiri A. Effect of salicylic acid on morphological and physiological characteristics of vetiver grass under water deficit stress conditions. Journal of Crops Improvement. 2018;19(3):591603. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2017.60464

29. Sajdi N.A., Madani H., Habibi D., Pazoki A.R. Investigating the effectof selenium and salicylic acid on retransplantation, photosynthesis and grain yield of wheat cultivars under rainfed conditions. Crop Production in Environmental Stress. 2012;4(1):1-16. https://sid.ir/paper/232046/en

30. Shakirova F.M., Sakhabutdinova A.R., Bezrukova M.V., Fatkhutdinova R.A., Fatkhutdinova D.R. Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Science. 2003;164:317-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00415-6

31. Shakirova F.M., Bezrukova M.V. Induction of wheat resistanceagainst environmental salinization by salicylic acid. Biology Bulletin. 1997;24:109–112. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=13254782

32. Shemi R., Wang R., Gheith E.S., Hussain H.A., Hussain S., Irfan M.,Cholidah L., Zhang K., Zhang S., Wang L. Effects of salicylic acid, zinc and glycine betaine on morpho physiological growth and yield of maize under drought stress. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:3195-3204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82264-7

33. Silveira J.A.G., Araujo S.A.M., Lima J.P.M.S., Viegas, R.A. Rootsand leaves display contrasting osmotic adjustment mechanisms in response to NaCl-salinity in Atriplex nummularia L. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 2009;66:1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envexpbot.2008.12.015

34. Tadesse W., Sanchez Gracia M., Gizaw S., Amiri A. Genetic grainsin wheat breeding and its role in feeding in the world. Crop Breeding Genetics and Genomics. 2019;11:42-56. https://doi.org/10.20900/cbgg20190005

35. Tasgin E., Atici O., Nalbantoglu B. Effects of salicylic acid and coldon freezing tolerance in winter wheat leaves. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 2003;41: 231–236. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GROW.0000007504.41476.c2

36. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). World agriculturalproduction. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service Office of Global Analysis. 2021;30 pp. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/production.pdf

37. Vega-Galvez A., Miranda M., Vergara J., Uribe E., Puente L.,Martinez E.A. Nutrition Facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) an ancient Andean grain: A review. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2010;90:2541-2547. h ttps://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4158

38. Voltas J., Romagosa I., Araus J.L. Grain size and nitrogen accumulation in skin reduction barly under Mediterranean conditions. Field Crops Research 2007;52:117-126. https://www.academia.edu/15313671

39. Wani S.H., Kumar V., Shriram V., Sah S.K. Phytohormones andtheir metabolic engineering for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. The Crop Journal. 2016;4(3):162-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2016.01.010

40. Werner T., Nehnevajova E., Köllmer I., Novák O., Strnad M., KramerU., Schmülling T. Root-specific reduction of cytokinin causes enhanced root growth, drought tolerance, and leaf mineral enrichment in Arabidopsis and tobacco. The Plant Cell. 2010;22(12):3905-3920. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.109.072694

41. Zaheer M.S., Raza M.A.S., Saleem M.F., Erinle K.O., Iqbal R.,Ahmad S. Effect of rhizobacteria and cytokinins application on wheat growth and yield under normal vs drought conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2012;50:2521-2533. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2019.1667376

42. Zhang Y., Sun N., Hong J., Zhang Q., Chao W., Xue Q., Zhou S.,Huang Q., Wang Z. Effect of Source-Sink Manipulation on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Flag Leaf and the Remobilization of Dry Mass and Nitrogen in Vegetative Organs of Wheat. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 2014;13(8):1680–1690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S20953119(13)60665-6