The effects of timing, scheme, planting depth and size of the uterine bulbs on the productivity of seed plants and seed quality onions in the conditions of the Foothill zone of the North Caucasus

Relevance. Onion is a valuable food crop, which is due to its chemical composition, taste and medicinal qualities. As part of the strategy to ensure food security and independence of Russia in the agricultural sector, it is necessary to increase the production of vegetable products, including onions, and for this it is necessary to increase the production of domestic seeds. Seed production is an important branch of agriculture, which consists in the planned reproduction of zoned varieties. Unlike commodity production, it is a more labor-intensive industry and requires regular improvement of existing technologies that take into account the specifics of new varieties and hybrids.

Materials and methods. The object is onion (Allium сера L.). Research material: new varieties of spring onion Primo and Ampex of selection of FSBSI FSVC. The studies were conducted in 2018-2020 on the basis of the North Caucasus branch of the FSBSI FSVC. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The area of the accounting plot is 5m² , the repetition is 4-fold, with a randomized arrangement of options.

Results and discussions. Different planting dates of uterine bulbs, their diameter, standing density, planting depth, significantly affected the qualitative and quantitative indicators of seed productivity of onion plants of Primo and Ampex varieties. The results obtained made it possible to modify and optimize individual elements of varietal technologies of onion seed production. To create the best conditions for the growth and development of seed plants of Ampex and Primo varieties and to obtain high yields of high-quality seeds in the conditions of the foothill zone of the North Caucasus, it is recommended to: use queen bulbs of 8 cm in size, organize the planting of queen bulbs in the first decade of November, use a scheme for planting queen onions: 75x10 cm, use a planting depth of 15 cm. With this technology, the productivity of plant seeds reaches 6-8 g in the Ampex variety and 5-7 g in the Primo variety, and the yield of conditioned seeds is 520-580 kg/ha and 450-600 kg/ha, respectively.

1. Pivovarov V.F., Ershov I.I., Agafonov A.F. Onion cultures. 2001. 500 p. (In Russ.)

2. Ludilov V.A. Seed science of vegetable and melon crops. Text. 2005. 391 p. (In Russ.)

3. Khovrin A.N., Monakhos G.F. Onion production and breeding in Russia. Potatoes and vegetables. 2014;(7):18-22. (In Russ.)

4. Bogolepova N.I. Onion seed production in the conditions of the Krasnodar territory recommendations. KNIIOKH. 1996. 13 p. (In Russ.)

5. Gish R.A., Tugolukov V.P., Tugolukova E.I., Nobelova E.N. Recommendations for growing onions of the ultra-early winter variety Ellan in the Kuban. KGAU. 2003. 21 p. (In Russ.)

6. Aksenov A.G. Justification and development of adaptive machine technologies and technical means for cultivation of onion crops. Dis. ... candidate of agricultural sciences. 2021;281p. (In Russ.)

7. Posyavin A.T. Onion production technology. Rosselkhoznadzor. 1984. 96 p. (In Russ.)

8. Khorev P.N. Improvement of the technological process of planting onions with justification of the structural and kinematic parameters of the chain-spoon planting apparatus with an orienting device. Dis. ... candidate of technical sciences. 2001. 157 p. (In Russ.)

9. Laryushin N.P., Kukharev O.N. Technical and economic bases of application of various schemes of onion sowing. International scientific and practical conference. "Problems of agricultural production in changing economic conditions in the XXI century. "Collection of scientific works. 2000. P.54-55. (In Russ.)

10. Mikheev V.V., Eremin P.A., Aksenov A.G., etc. To the method of intellectualization of the production of row crops. Electrical technologies and electrical equipment in the agro-industrial complex. 2019;(3):83-88. (In Russ.)

11. Nikulshin V.P., Ershov I.I., Krylov S.V. On the issue of mechanization of planting of onion seeds. The works of young scientists and postgraduates on the selection and seed production of vegetable crops. 1970. P.23-25. (In Russ.)

12. Aksenov A.G., Pryamov S.B., Sibirev A.V. The current state of onion production in Russia and development prospects. Potatoes and vegetables. 2016;(1):16-17. (In Russ.)

13. Lazko V.E., Gish R.A. Seed productivity of winter onions of the Ellan variety at different planting dates of queen cells. Potatoes and vegetables. 2005;(7):28-30. (In Russ.)

14. Lukomets S.G., Lazko V.E. Flowering and fruiting of onion testes of winter variety Ellan in 2007. Collection of scientific papers on vegetable growing and melon growing: to the 110th anniversary of the birth of Kvasnikov B.V. 2009. P.283-286. (In Russ.)

15. Lazko V.E. Features of seed production of onions of the winter variety Ellan in the conditions of the Western Caucasus. Dis...candidate of agricultural sciences. 2005;295p.(In Russ.)

16. Tesfaye M., Belew D., Dessalegn Y. et al. Effect of planting time on growth, yield components, seed yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.). Agric & Food Secur. 2018;(7):28. doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0178-0

17. Mehri S., Forodi B.R., Kashi A.K. Influence of planting date on some morphological characteristic and seed production in onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars. Agric Sci Dev. 2015;4(2):19-21.

18. Teshome A., Derbew B. et al. Effects of planting time and bulb size on onion (Allium cepa L.) seed yield and quality. Int J Agric Res. 2014. doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2014.

19. El-Helaly M.A., Karam S.S. Influence of planting date on the production and quality of onion seeds. J Hortic Sci Ornam Plants. 2012;4(3):275–279.

20. Mollah M.R., Ali M.A., Ahmad M. et al. Effect of planting dates on the yield and quality of true seeds on onion. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol. 2015;3(1):67-72.

21. Ud-Deen M.M. Effect of mother bulb size and planting time on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion, Bangladesh. J Agric Res. 2008;33:531-537.

22. Olani N., Fikre M. Onion seed production techniques: a manual for extension agents and seed producers. Addis Abeba: FAO. 2010.

23. Lemma D., Shimeles A. Research experiences in onion production. Ethiopia agricultural research organization. Research report. 2003;55р.

24. Khokhar K.M. Effect of set-size and planting time on the incidence of bolting, bulbing, and seed yield in two onion cultivars. J. hortic. sci. biotech. 2008;(83):481-487.

25. Khokhar K.M. Effect of set-size and storage temperature on the incidence of bolting, bulbing, and seed yield in two onion cultivars. Sci. Hortic. 2009;(122):187-194. doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.008.

26. Hussain S.W., Ishtiaq M., Hussain S.A. Effect of different bulb size and planting dates on green leaf production of onion (Allium cepa L.). Journal of Biological Sciences. 2001;(1):345-347. doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.345.347

27. Khan M.A., Hassan M.K., Ara R. et al. Effect of bulb size and harvesting time on the growth and yield of onion. Progressive Agriculture. 2005;(16):25-29.

28. Khodadadi M., Hassanpanah D. The effects of planting date and mother bulb size on quantitative and qualitative seed traits of onion red rey variety. International Journal of Agricultural Research and Review. 2012;(2):324-327.

29. Ashagrie T., Belew D. et al. Effects of planting time and mother bulb size on onion (Allium cepa L.) seed yield and quality. International Journal of Agricultural Research. 2014:1-11.

30. Levy. D., Ben-Herut Z., Albasel N. et al. Growing onion seeds in an arid region; drought tolerance and the effect of bulb weight, spacing and fertilization. Sci. Hortic. 1981;(14):1-7. doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(81)90072-8.

31. Abedin M.J., Rahim M.A. et al. Effect of planting date and bulb size on the yield and quality of onion seed. Bangladesh Journal of Seed Science Technology. 1999;(3):25-28.

32. Muktadir M.S., Farooque A.M., Rahim M.A., Hossain M.M. Yield and quality of onion seed as influenced by the planting time and bulb size. Bangladesh Journal of Seed Science Technology. 2001;(5):47-52.

33. Asaduzzaman M., Hasan M., Moniruzzaman M. Quality seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.): an integrated approach of bulb size and plant spacing. Journal of Agricultural Research. 2012;(50):119-128.

34. Khokhar K.M., Hussain S.I. et al. Effect of set size on bulb yield, maturity and bolting in local and exotic cultivars of onion during autumn season. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 2001;(17):355-358.

35. Morozowska M., Holubowicz R. Effect of bulb size on selected morphological characteristics of seed stalks, seed yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds. Folia Horticulturae. 2009;(21):27- 38. doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0123.

36. Aminpour R., Mortazavibak A. Mother bulb size and planting pattern effects on seed quality and quantity of onion (Allium cepa L.). Seed Plant. 2004;(20):39-48.

37. Asaduzzaman M., Hasan, M. et al. Effect of bulb size and plant spacing on seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.). Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2012;(37):405-414. doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12084.

38. Anisuzzaman M., Ashrafuzzaman M., Ismail M.R. et al. Planting time and mulching effect on onion development and seed production. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2009;(8):412-416.

39. El-Helaly M.A., Karam S.S. Influence of planting date on the production and quality of onion seeds. J. Hortic. Sci. 2012;(4):275- 279.

40. Ud-Deen M.M. Effect of mother bulb size and planting time on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research. 2008;(33):531-537.

41. Khokhar K. Flowering and seed development in onion - a review. Open Access Library Journal, 2014;(1)1-13. doi:10.4236/oalib.1101049.

42. Mansurova L.I., Kirichenko V.G. Seed productivity of onions with different planting density. Collection of scientific papers on vegetable growing and melon growing: to the 110th anniversary of the birth of Kvasnikov B.V. 2009. P.305-308. (In Russ.)

43. Emelyanov P.A., Sibirev A.V., Aksenov A.G. Theoretical prerequisites for the process of sealing bulbs in the furrow. The field of the Volga region. 2012;3(24):33-36. (In Russ.)

44. Choudhary D., Kumar V., Scholar V. Seed production methods of onion (Allium cepa L.). Pop. Kheti. 2017;5(4):5-6.

45. Dospekhov B.A. Methodology of field experience (with the basics of statistical processing of research results). M.: Agropromizdat. 1985. 351p. (In Russ.)

46. Methods of experimental business in vegetable growing and melon growing. Belik V.F. M.: Agropromizdat. 1992. 319p. (In Russ.)

47. Methodological guidelines for the approbation of vegetable and melon crops. FSBSI FSVC. 2018. 224p. (In Russ.)

48. Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops. M.: 1985;(1):269. (In Russ.)

49. GOST 12038-84. Seeds of agricultural crops. Methods for determining germination. 2011. 32 p. (In Russ.)

50. GOST 12036-85. Seeds of agricultural crops. Acceptance rules and sampling methods. 2011. 13 p. (In Russ.)

51. GOST 12042-80. Seeds of agricultural crops. Methods for determining the weight of seeds. 2011. P.116-118. (In Russ.)