Особенности патогенеза антракноза картофеля (Colletotrichum coccodes) и меры защиты (обзор)

Цель. Настоящий обзор посвящён систематизации современных данных о возбудителе антракноза картофеля Colletotrichum coccodes, его патогенезе, эпидемиологии и мерах защиты. Повышение значимости болезни в последние десятилетия связано с ростом требований к товарному виду мытого и фасованного картофеля, что обусловило необходимость комплексного анализа накопленных знаний.

Методология. В основу обзора положен анализ отечественных и зарубежных публикаций последних лет, включая результаты микологических, молекулярно-генетических и эпидемиологических исследований. Использованы сведения о симптомах болезни, источниках и путях распространения инфекции, методах диагностики (микологические, ПЦР-ориентированные, цифровые), а также данных по агротехническим, химическим и интегрированным стратегиям защиты картофеля.

Результаты. Показано, что Colletotrichum coccodes имеет широкий круг хозяев, включая более 50 видов культурных и сорных растений, что существенно осложняет контроль болезни. Основным источником инфекции служат склероции в почве и на растительных остатках, сохраняющиеся до 8–13 лет. Наиболее вредоносные проявления связаны с ухудшением товарного качества клубней, особенно при длительном хранении. Диагностика в полевых условиях затруднена сходством симптомов с серебристой паршой, однако современные ПЦР-тесты обеспечивают высокую точность. Химические фунгициды обладают ограниченной эффективностью, при этом наибольшие результаты достигаются при их профилактическом применении в сочетании с агротехническими мерами. Перспективным направлением является интегрированная защита, включающая использование здорового посадочного материала, уничтожение сорняков-резервуаров инфекции, оптимизацию агротехники и мониторинг возбудителя.

Заключение. Антракноз картофеля остаётся значимой угрозой для картофелеводства, снижая урожайность и товарность клубней. Эффективная борьба возможна только при применении комплекса профилактических и интегрированных мероприятий. Дальнейшие исследования необходимы для разработки устойчивых сортов, новых фунгицидов и цифровых систем мониторинга болезни.

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