Потенциал коллекции шпината ВИР для использования в селекции

Актуальность. Шпинат (Spinacia oleracea L.) экономически значимая овощная культура, выращиваемая во всем мире. Это однолетняя холодостойкая и скороспелая культура, культивируемая как в защищенном, так и в открытом грунте. Поэтому, существует потребность в большом разнообразии сортов и гибридов, приспособленных к конкретным условиям. В Государственном реестре селекционных достижений РФ содержится 67 сортов и гибридов шпината, из которых на долю иностранной гибридной селекции приходится 66%. Создание отечественных гибридов шпината осложняется недостатком хорошо изученного исходного материала: выровненных генотипов гиноэцичного типа, сочетающих высокую урожайность, скороспелость и богатый биохимический состав.

Материалы и методы. Генетическое разнообразие культуры - потенциал для селекционного использования и активного изучения в свете современных знаний и технологий. Собранная в Всероссийском институте генетических ресурсов растений имени Н.И. Вавилова (ВИР) коллекция шпината, имеющая 90-летнюю историю, включает 744 образца и является самой большой в мире. Она уникальна по разнообразию и происхождению образцов.

Результаты. В коллекции имеются высокоурожайные, скороспелые, поздно-зацветающие генотипы, создаются линии с преобладанием женского типа цветения, полиплоиды. Созданы признаковые группы по пластичности, высокому содержанию ценных биохимических веществ. В результате многолетнего всестороннего изучения коллекции шпината выделены генотипы, рекомендующиеся для включения в селекционные схемы.

Заключение. Сохраняемый в институте разнообразный хорошо изученный генофонд шпината способен предоставлять неограниченные возможности для селекции и восполнять нужды населения страны, обогащая рацион богатой пигментами, лютеином и белком листовой культурой с высоким содержанием фенольных элементов и антиоксидантной активностью.

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