Achievements and current trends in tomato breeding at the Primorskaya Vegetable Experimental Station – branch of the Federal Scientific Vegetable Center

Relevance. The climatic conditions of the Primorsky Territory, the determining factors of which are its geographical location at the junction of the continent of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean, are unique, which determines the main directions of breeding vegetable crops at the Primorskaya Vegetable Experimental Station – branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «Federal Scientific Vegetable Center» (PVES – branch of the FSBSI FSVC). The article provides an overview of the main achievements of the station's scientists' long-term work on tomato breeding for open ground and identifies the main tasks for further development of this area in the conditions of the south of the Russian Far East.

Results. Based on the results of many years of research, the model of tomato variety of universal type for open ground was specified taking into account the requirements of the modern market of Primorsky Krai: ripeness group – medium-early or medium-ripening, short sprouting-flowering period; determinant plant, compact with medium or high foliage and medium-sized leaves (important for mechanized cultivation); brush – simple or intermediate; stalk – without articulation or with thickening (easy fruit detachment); fruit – of different shape, weight 60-100 g dry matter content not less than 5%, with uniform coloring without a spot at the stalk in milk ripeness and different coloring in biological ripeness, resistant to cracking, vertex rot, with high storability and transportability; resistance – to sudden temperature changes, soil overwatering, high temperatures and air humidity during the fruiting period, to diseases of various etiologies, primarily to Alternaria and Phytophthora. Since a significant factor in reducing the productivity of varieties are diseases (as a result of increasing aggressiveness and expansion of the species composition of pathogens), the priority at present is breeding for immunity. Within this framework, intensive search for valuable sources and creation of new source material based on hybridization, individual and family selection from the best varietal and hybrid populations is carried out. Among the achievements of breeding of PVES promising are varieties Fitilek and Echo (tolerant to Alternaria), varieties Odyssey, Patrokl and Summit (tolerant to Phytophthora), on the basis of which parental lines are created. The breeding process also involves the most adaptive open field varieties of FSVC selection and the source of group resistance to Alternaria and Phytophthora - variety Ottava 30.

Conclusion. Creation of targeted breeding achievements will allow to expand the variety range and saturate the vegetable market of this economically important region of the south of the Far East Primorye with domestic varieties within the framework of the import substitution program.

1. Gavrish S.F. 100 years of tomato breeding for protected ground in Russia 1920-2020. Moscow, 2024. 400 p. (In Russ.)

2. Godfrey E. Introduction: Tomatoes and Cucumbers. In: Godfrey, E. (eds) Utopias and Dystopias in the Fiction of H.G. Wells and William Morris. Palgrave Macmillan, London. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52340-2_1

3. Brezhnev D.D. Tomatoes. Leningrad, 1964. (In Russ.)

4. Engalychev M.R., Dzhos E.A., Matyukina A.A., Verba O.V., Demidenko E.V., Sosnov V.S., Rubtsov A.А. Tomato breeding for open ground in the south of Russia. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2024;(2):5-11. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2024-2-5-11 https://www.elibrary.ru/apghyx

5. In Russia, after the introduction of sanctions, the production of toma- toes and products from them is actively increasing. URL.: https://runews24.ru/economy/02/08/2024/v-rossii-posle-vvedeniya-sankczij-aktivno-narashhivayut-proizvodstvo-pomidorov-i-produkczii-iz-nix

6. Marketing research of the Russian market of protected ground vegeta- bles (cucumbers, tomatoes) (2012-2023, forecast for 2024). URL.: https://ab-centre.ru/dbase/marketingovoe-issledovanie-rossiyskogo-rynka-ovoschey-zaschischennogo-grunta-ogurcy-pomidory-2023.

7. Sakara N.A., Soldatenko A.V., Pivovarov V.F., Sukhomirov G.I., Tarasova T.S., Oznobikhin V.I. Main problems of Far Eastern vegetable growing. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2020;(6):3-9. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2020-6-3-9 https://elibrary.ru/vdwoqq

8. Kuzmitskaya G.A., Shestopalova G.E. Features of tomato breeding in the Amur region. Results and perspectives. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2021;(4):48-52. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2021-4-48-52 https://elibrary.ru/efrknf

9. Kozlova I.V. A new medium-ripened variety of tomato Victor. Rice growing. 2022;(3):82-87. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.33775/1684-2464-2022-56-3-82-87 https://elibrary.ru/borgal

10. Climate. Primorsky Krai. https://www.nbcrs.org/regions/primorskiy-kray/klimat

11. Methods of breeding work until 2010 to create highly productive, com- plex-valuable varieties of grain, soybeans, perennial grasses, potatoes, vegetables and fruit and berry crops in the Far East. VASKhNIL. Siberian Branch. Far Research Institute of Agriculture. Far Eastern Breeding Center. Novosibirsk, 1990. 208 p. (In Russ.)

12. Handbook of the USSR Climate, issue 26. Air humidity, precipitation, snow cover. Primorsky Krai, part 4. L., Gidrometeoizdat, 1968. 239 p. (In Russ.)

13. Kornilov A.S. Breeding and seed production of vegetable crops in the south of the Far East. Artem, 2008. (In Russ.)

14. Kolodkin V.G., Sakara N.A. The role of the Primorskaya vegetable experimental station in the development of vegetable growing in the Far Eastern Federal District and the tasks of scientific support for the indus- try in 2013-2020. Current state and prospects for innovative development of vegetable and potato growing. Artem, 2013. (In Russ.)

15. Leunov V.I., Mikheev Yu.G. Edible roots in the south of the Russian Far East. Vladivostok, 2010. 179 p. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/vnniaj

16. Kornilov A.S. Direction and results of vegetable crop selection in the Far East. Research in the field of vegetable growing in Primorsky Krai - results and prospects: Proceedings of the scientific and practical confer- ence dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Primorsky Vegetable Experimental Station. Artem, 1998. P. 19-25. (In Russ.)

17. Khikhlukha E.A. New varieties of semi-intensive nightshade vegeta- bles and prospects for their use in agricultural production and the canning industry. Problems of agricultural production in the Far East. Blagoveshchensk, 2002. P. 38-46. (In Russ.)

18. Official Bulletin of the Federal State Institution "State Commission of the Russian Federation for Testing and Protection of Selection Achievements" under the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. 2005;(4):237-320. (In Russ.)

19. Khikhlukha E.A. New varieties of tomato. Current status and prospects for innovative development of vegetable and potato growing. Artem, 2013. 120 p. (In Russ.)

20. Zolotareva E.V. Pests and diseases of vegetable crops in the Far East. Khabarovsk, 2006. 60 p. (In Russ.)

21. Haveri N., Anjaneya Reddy B., Thulasiram K. Management of tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2018;7(5):3398-3401.

22. Zhikhareva E.O., Babakova A.S. Tomato diseases (Solánum lycopér- sicum) in arid conditions. Agricultural science and education: problems, prospects and innovations: collection of materials of the All-Russian sci- entific and practical online conference, Astrakhan, November 20, 2020. Astrakhan: Publishing house "Astrakhan University", 2020. Pp. 39-40. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/ibxrgy

23. Bagirova S.F., Gorshkova N.S., Ignatova S.I. Tomato late blight: diag- nostics, identification of pathogen species, assessment of plant resist- ance, resistance donors. Lomonosov Moscow State University, All- Russian Research Institute of Vegetable Growing. Moscow, 1999. 32 p. (In Russ.)

24. Orina A.S., Gannibal Ph.B., Levitin M.M. Specific diversity, biological characters and geography of Alternaria fungi associated with Solanaceous plants. Mycology and phytopathology. 2010;44(2):150-159. https://www.elibrary.ru/ojarbn

25. Chaerani R., Voorrips R.E. Tomato early blight (Alternaria solani): the pathogen, genetics, and breeding for resistance. J. Gen.Plant Pathol. 2006;(72):335-347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-006-0299-3

26. Vanyushkina I.A., Kushnareva N.P. Protection from diseases of toma- to cultivation in the open ground in the Primorsky Territory. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2020;(2):91-94. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2020-2-91-94 https://www.elibrary.ru/rlbzxr

27. Gnutova R.V., Zolotareva E.V. Diseases of vegetable crops and pota- toes in the Russian Far East. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2011. 169 p. ISBN 978-5-8044-1259-4. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/qlctdn

28. Kuzmitskaya G.A., Kulyakina N.V., Ageeva O.Y. Assessment of yield, ecological plasticity and stability of promising tomato varieties in the con- ditions of the risky farming zone of the Khabarovsk territory. Agronauka. 2023;1(4):43. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.24412/2949-2211-1-4-42-50 https://www.elibrary.ru/yqsfsf

29. Scorina V.V., Musayev F.B. Environment as a background for selec- tion in vegetable crop breeding. Breeding and seed production of veg- etable crops. 2014;(45):485-495. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/ukeqjf

30. Synychenko N.A. Assessment of tomato varieties selected by the Primorsky vegetable station for ecological plasticity and stability. A collec- tion of scientific articles on the materials of the scientific-practical confer- ence "The state and prospects of selection and seed production of the main agricultural crops". Ussuriysk 2020. P. 56-60. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/asyzjr

31. Kilchevsky A.V., Khotyleva L.V. A method for estimation of genotypes adaptive ability and stability, of environment's differentiative ability. i. grounds of the method. Genetika. 1985;21(9):1481-1490. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/xiwyij

32. Kilchevsky A.V., Khotyleva L.V. Genotype and environment in plant breeding. Institute of Genetics and Cytology of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR. Minsk. Science and Technology, 1989. 191 p. (In Russ.)

33. Kilchevsky A.V., Khotyleva L.V. Ecological selection of plants. Minsk. Technology, 1997. 372 p. (In Russ.)

34. Sinichenko N.A., Vanyushkina I.A., Hikhlukha E.A. The tomato variety wicklek is a novelty of the far eastern selection. The role of agricultural science in the development of forestry and agriculture in the Far East: Materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference. In 3 parts, Ussuriysk: Primorsky State Agricultural Academy, 2021. P. 200-205. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/aivflg

35. Mrema E.J., Kagimbo F.M., Lobulu J., Bagarama F.M. Yield and Adaptability Evaluation of Newly Introduced Tomato (Solanum lycoper- sicum) Varieties in Tabora Region. Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2014;13(1):67-73.

36. Mukhortova T.V., Myagkova E.G., Petrov E.N. Features of studying the adaptability of tomatoes with their introduction in the arid conditions of the North-Western Caspian. Proceedings of Lower Volga Agro- University complex: science and higher education. 2019;1(53):89-96. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.32786/2071-9485-2019-01-11 https://www.elibrary.ru/nxrmfk

37. Sinichenko N.A.1, Vanyushkina I.A. Evaluation of tomato samples of collectible nursery for resistance to alternaria in the Primorsky kray. News of FSVC. 2021;(3-4):57-63. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2658-4832-2021-3-4-57-63 https://www.elibrary.ru/jrohzx

38. Kondratyeva I.Yu. Private selection of tomato. M., 2010. ISBN 978-5-901695-38-8. (In Russ.) https://www.elibrary.ru/qlbhtz

39. Vanyushkina I.A., Sinichenko N.A., Kozar E.G. Application of a fungi- cide system on tomato in open ground conditions in Primorsky Krai. Vegetable crops of Russia. 2023;(6):101-107. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2023-6-101-107 https://www.elibrary.ru/btftyf

40. Sinichenko N.A., Vanyushkina I.A., Kozar E.G., Markarova M.Yu. Influence of biological preparations of various nature on the development of alternariosis and the yield of tomato plants in the conditions of Primorsky krai. News of FSVC. 2023;(1):25-31. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18619/2658-4832-2023-1-25-31 https://www.elibrary.ru/wovluf