Пища как фактор, определяющий физиологическое состояние популяций фитофагов-вредителей сельскохозяйственных культур

Актуальность. Трофические отношения, наряду с конкуренцией и мутуализмом, являются наиболее общими и значимыми в экосистемах. Для развития, выживания и выведения потомства насекомым необходимо получать определенные количества и соотношения питательных веществ. Продукты питания насекомых представляют собой сложные смеси питательных и непитательных (иногда токсичных) соединений: макроэлементы (белки, углеводы и липиды), микроэлементы (витамины и минералы) и воду. Некоторые из питательных веществ являются незаменимыми, насекомые лишены способности синтезировать их самостоятельно и должны получать их с пищей или из полезных симбионтов. В системе «фитофаг-растение» хорошо развиты механизмы распознавания, позволяющие насекомым успешно расселяться, размножаться и питаться на конкретных видах растений. Комплекс гидролитических ферментов кишечника насекомых является одной из основных мишеней для действия защитных реакций растения, т.к. именно этими ферментами определяется доступность структурных веществ для фитофагов. Поэтому ферменты кишечника фитофагов играют одну из ведущих ролей в механизмах адаптации насекомых к энтоморезистентности кормовых растений. В частности, при синтезе в кормовых растениях ингибиторов протеиназ в результате индуцированной энтоморезистентности, в кишечнике насекомого может изменяться состав ферментов, что приводит к уходу от действия этих ингибиторов. При взаимодействии видов в пищевых цепях возникновение комплекса взаимоприспособлений находится в зависимости от сложной констелляции противоречивых отношений, связывающих потребителей и пищевые объекты. Механизмы такого влияния могут лежать в области аллелохимических взаимоотношений в системе «фитофаг – растение-реципиент». Аллелопатические взаимоотношения – одни из наиболее сложных, так как в данной форме тесно переплетаются прямое и опосредствованное влияние. Растения при повреждении фитофагами активируют защитные реакции, которые состоят из нескольких механизмов, включая увеличение концентрации вторичных метаболитов, многие из которых являются фенольными соединениями. 

Целью работы является описание механизмов взаимоотношений в системе «фитофаг-растение». Заключение. Управление процессами внутриводовой дивергенции насекомых-фитофагов в агробиоценозах в целях предотвращения появления рас и популяций вредителей, адаптированных к обитанию на первоначально устойчивых к ним формах растений возможно при соблюдении перехода к целенаправленной селекции сельскохозяйственных культур на устойчивость к комплексу вредителей. 

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