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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ovoshchi</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Овощи России</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vegetable crops of Russia</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2072-9146</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2618-7132</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Федеральный научный центр овощеводства</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18619/2072-9146-2018-3-11-15</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ovoshchi-547</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕЛЕКЦИЯ И СЕМЕНОВОДСТВО СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BREEDING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИЕ МАРКЕРЫ: СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ МАРКЕРОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1134-0292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чесноков</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chesnokov</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор биологических наук, директор ФГБНУ АФИ</p><p>195220, г.Санкт-Петербург, Гражданский проспект, д. 14 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Sciences in Biology, Director of Agrophysical Research Institute</p><p>14, Grazhdanskiy pr., St.-Petersburg, Russia, 195220 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yuv_chesnokov@agrophys.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Агрофизический научно-исследовательский институт»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Agrophysiscal Research Institute</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чесноков Ю.В., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чесноков Ю.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chesnokov Y.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vegetables.su/jour/article/view/547">https://www.vegetables.su/jour/article/view/547</self-uri><abstract><p>С развитием молекулярных маркеров, позволяющих производить анализ генотипов на уровне первичного носителя генетической информации – ДНК, появился наиболее разнообразный и наиболее многочисленный класс маркеров на сегодня. Это связано с тем, что каждая отдельно взятая нуклеотидная последовательность уникальна по своей структуре. Совокупность молекулярногенетических методов, получившая название ДНК-фингерпринтинг, наиболее широко используется в современных исследованиях для решения самых разных задач в различных биологических дисциплинах. В этой связи необходимость в сравнительной классификации существующих на сегодня молекулярно-генетических маркеров представляется актуальной. Исходя из опубликованного литературного материала, приводятся данные по предлагавшимся классификациям молекулярных маркеров. Дается определение термину «маркер» в генетике и селекции. Приводятся свойства и отличительные особенности генетических маркеров. Определяется что такое «хороший» генетический маркер, а также виды, категории, вариации и типы наследования молекулярных маркеров. Выявляемый с помощью молекулярных маркеров полиморфизм подразделяется на полиморфизм самой последовательности (включая нуклеотидные замены и инсерции-делеции) и полиморфизм числа тандемно повторяющихся последовательностей в повторяющихся районах. Кроме того, молекулярные маркеры можно классифицировать на две вариации: анонимные, т.е. те, в которых нуклеотидная последовательность не известна и для проявления молекулярного маркера ее установление не требуется (например, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), и анонсированные (или детерминированные), т.е. те, в которых нуклеотидная последовательность известна либо выявляется в процессе проведения анализа (например, SNP, CAPS, STS). Однако, каким бы ни было предполагаемое применение молекулярных маркеров, выбор метода исследования также будет зависеть и от изучаемого вида растений. Последующее влияние методов молекулярно-генетического анализа на генетику и практическую селекцию растений будет зависеть от результатов, которые будут получены, в частности, от выявления возможности или невозможности генотипирования особи по одному генетическому маркеру, и от экономической цены получаемых информативных данных.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генетические маркеры</kwd><kwd>молекулярные маркеры</kwd><kwd>характерные свойства и отличия</kwd><kwd>классификация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genetic markers</kwd><kwd>molecular markers</kwd><kwd>characteristic properties and differences</kwd><kwd>classification</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чесноков Ю.В. 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